Nineteenth-Century European Experience with Policies of Economic Nationalism

Measuring the Rise of Economic Nationalism

“…limiting international integration and foreign influence (Rappard 1937, Heilperin 1960 or those designed to benefit domestic firms in their competition with foreign firms, not only through trade policies but also via subsidies, foreign investment restrictions designed to either accelerate industrial catchup or prevent competing nations from catching up, and measures allowing or fostering cartels (Gregory 1931, Johnson 1965, Kahan 1967, Hieronymi 1980).…”