Nipah Virus–Another Threat From the World of Zoonotic Viruses

Abstract

Among the diseases that pose a serious threat to public health, those caused by viruses are of great importance. The Nipah virus (NiV) belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family was reported in Malaysia in 1998/1999. Due to its high mortality in humans, its zoonotic nature, the possibility of human-to-human transmission, and the lack of an available vaccine, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized it as a global health problem. Depending on strain specificity, neurological symptoms and severe respiratory disorders are observed in NiV infection. In most confirmed cases of NiV epidemics, the appearance of the virus in humans was associated with the presence of various animal species, but generally, bats of Pteropus species are considered the most important natural animal NiV reservoir and vector. Consumption of contaminated food, contact with animals, and “human-to-human” direct contact were identified as NiV transmission routes. Due to the lack of vaccines and drugs with proven effectiveness against NiV, treatment of patients is limited to supportive and prophylactic.

Probiotics for the Management of Infectious Diseases: Reviewing the State of the Art

“…This may be due to the natural progression of the technology life cycle or external factors such as regulations on probiotics research. Either way, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and any future infectious disease outbreaks caused by our changing society ( Hersh et al, 2012 ; Zhang D. et al, 2021 ; Skowron et al, 2022 ), it is important to stimulate the progression of the state of the art of clinical modalities targeting infectious diseases. As highlighted before ( Larsen and van de Burgwal, 2021 ), such progression should consider the effect of changes to microbial communities across ecosystems.…”

“…Even as late as 2019, infectious diseases such as lower respiratory tract infections, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis were still in the top 10 global causes of death and/or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; Global Health Observatory, 2021 ). Previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the current COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated that zoonotic diseases are on the rise ( Skowron et al, 2022 ). Moreover, the incidence and burden of lower respiratory tract infections are predicted to increase in our aging population, which can have detrimental effects on healthcare systems if the situation remains unchanged ( Feddema et al, 2021 ).…”

Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models

“…Sequences obtained from Malaysian human cases suggested only one source of human infection from an amplifying porcine host whereas the Bangladesh cases have shown multiple introductions of the virus to humans [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Some of the most recent NiV outbreaks have taken place in India in Kerala between 2018 and 2021, one of which exceeded a 90% mortality rate [ 64 , 65 ]. Outbreaks in India have been shown to be caused by NiV strains close to those circulating in Bangladesh [ 65 , 66 ].…”

“…Some of the most recent NiV outbreaks have taken place in India in Kerala between 2018 and 2021, one of which exceeded a 90% mortality rate [ 64 , 65 ]. Outbreaks in India have been shown to be caused by NiV strains close to those circulating in Bangladesh [ 65 , 66 ]. Altogether, these data have led to the classification of two strains: Malaysian Nipah virus and Bangladesh Nipah virus.…”

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“…Even as late as 2019, infectious diseases such as lower respiratory tract infections, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis were still in the top 10 global causes of death and/or disabilityadjusted life years (DALYs;Global Health Observatory, 2021). Previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the current COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated that zoonotic diseases are on the rise (Skowron et al, 2022). Moreover, the incidence and burden of lower respiratory tract infections are predicted to increase in our aging population, which can have detrimental effects on healthcare systems if the situation remains unchanged (Feddema et al, 2021).…”