Nipple and Areolar Eczema in the Breastfeeding Woman

Barankin, Benjamin; Gross, M. Shirley

doi:10.1007/s10227-004-0116-6

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Nipple thrush is usually diagnosed when the nipple/areola is slightly pink, sensitive to touch and the pain described is out of proportion to the damage seen on clinical examination 4. When the areola is described as itchy and appears red and/or crusty, the diagnosis is dermatitis/eczema rather than fungal infection 16. A nipple with obvious damage is almost certainly colonised with S aureus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DoesCandidaand/orStaphylococcusplay a role in nipple and breast pain in lactation? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia

et al. 2013

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ObjectiveTo investigate Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus and the development of ‘nipple and breast thrush’ among breastfeeding women.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study.SettingTwo hospitals in Melbourne, Australia (one public, one private) with follow-up in the community.Participants360 nulliparous women recruited at ≥36 weeks’ gestation from November 2009 to June 2011. Participants were followed up six times: in hospital, at home weekly until 4 weeks postpartum and by telephone at 8 weeks.Main outcome measuresCase definition ‘nipple and breast thrush’: burning nipple pain and breast pain (not related to mastitis); detection of Candida spp (using culture and PCR) in the mother's vagina, nipple or breast milk or in the baby's mouth; detection of S aureus in the mother's nipple or breast milk.ResultsWomen with the case definition of nipple/breast thrush were more likely to have Candida spp in nipple/breast milk/baby oral samples (54%) compared to other women (36%, p=0.014). S aureus was common in nipple/breast milk/baby samples of women with these symptoms as well as women without these symptoms (82% vs 79%) (p=0.597). Time-to-event analysis examined predictors of nipple/breast thrush up to and including the time of data collection. Candida in nipple/breast milk/baby predicted incidence of the case definition (rate ratio (RR) 1.87 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.16, p=0.018). We do not have evidence that S aureus colonisation was a predictor of these symptoms (RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.64, p=0.13). Nipple damage was also a predictor of these symptoms, RR 2.30 (95% CI 1.19 to 4.43, p=0.012). In the multivariate model, with all three predictors, the RRs were very similar to the univariate RRs. This indicates that Candida and nipple damage are independent predictors of our case definition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DoesCandidaand/orStaphylococcusplay a role in nipple and breast pain in lactation? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia

et al. 2013

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“…Furthermore, patients with a history of atopic dermatitis and other underlying dermatological conditions, who are generally followed by a 1149 dermatologist, are more prone to experience nipple dermatitis during breastfeeding and develop secondary infections with such organisms as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. 9 The objective of this review article is to educate dermatologists on appropriate diagnosis, management, and treatment of nipple dermatitis among nursing mothers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caring for new mothers: diagnosis, management and treatment of nipple dermatitis in breastfeeding mothers

2012

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Breastfeeding is thought to be the most optimal form of infant nutrition. Nursing mothers are generally advised to continue breastfeeding until the infant is two years of age or beyond. Unfortunately, however, a majority of nursing mothers will discontinue breastfeeding much earlier than recommended. The most common reason for early discontinuation of breastfeeding is nipple pain. It is, therefore, essential that dermatologists know how to appropriately diagnose and effectively treat nipple pain associated with nipple dermatitis among nursing mothers. This review article provides a detailed discussion on the clinical features and management of various causes of nipple dermatitis during lactation, including problems with infant latch-on, congenital oral anomalies, plugged lactiferous ducts, atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, yeast infections, bacterial infections, herpes simplex virus, and Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple.

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“…Contact dermatitis, from topical breast ointments, breast pads, or allergens in the infant's mouth, can be treated with removal of the allergen and topical steroids. 61 S aureus superinfection is common in women with sore nipples. For moderate-to-severe pain and trauma, oral antibiotics are superior to topical preparations or advice on positioning alone.…”

Section: Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Women to Achieve Their Breastfeeding Goals

Stuebe

2014

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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In mammalian physiology, lactation follows pregnancy, and disruption of this physiology is associated with adverse health outcomes for mother and child. Although lactation is the physiologic norm, cultural norms for infant feeding have changed dramatically over the past century. Breastfeeding initiation fell from 70% in the early 1900s to 22% in 1972. In the past 40 years, rates have risen substantially, to 77% in 2010. Although more mothers are initiating breastfeeding, many report that they do not continue as long as they desire. As reproductive health care experts, obstetricians are uniquely positioned to assist women to make an informed feeding decision, offer anticipatory guidance, support normal lactation physiology, and evaluate and treat breastfeeding complications. Integration of care among the obstetrician, pediatric provider, and lactation consultant may enable more women to achieve their breastfeeding goals, thereby improving health outcomes across two generations.

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Nipple and Areolar Eczema in the Breastfeeding Woman

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

DoesCandidaand/orStaphylococcusplay a role in nipple and breast pain in lactation? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia

DoesCandidaand/orStaphylococcusplay a role in nipple and breast pain in lactation? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia

Caring for new mothers: diagnosis, management and treatment of nipple dermatitis in breastfeeding mothers

Enabling Women to Achieve Their Breastfeeding Goals

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