Nipple Aspirate Fluid Collection, Related Factors and Relationship between Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Nipple Aspirate Fluid and Breast Diseases in Women in Harbin, PRC

Zhao, Yong; Pang, Da; Fan, Wei; Xue, Yingwei; Dan-ning, Gao; Li, Hui; Li, Kang; Wang, Binyou; Da, Wang; Li, Hongyuan

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0715

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Also, the women served as their own controls and, therefore, temporal improvements in NAF production or collection cannot be excluded. Our study also agrees with previous reports that fewer Asian than Caucasian women are able to produce NAF (11,27,28).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Volume of Nipple Aspirate Fluid Is Not Affected by 6 Months of Treatment with Soy Foods in Premenopausal Women1–4

Maskarinec

Morimoto

Conroy

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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Based on the hypothesis that soy food consumption may influence breast tissue activity, we examined its effect on the production of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), a possible indicator of breast cancer risk. Of 310 premenopausal women screened, 112 (36%) produced at least 10 μL of NAF, the minimum for study participation. In a crossover design, we randomized 96 women to 2 groups who, in reverse order, consumed a high-soy diet with 2 soy servings/d (1 serving = 177 mL soy milk, 126 g tofu, or 23 g soy nuts) and a low-soy diet with <3 servings/wk of soy for 6 mo each separated by a 1-mo washout period. During each diet period, 3 NAF samples were obtained (baseline and 3 and 6 mo) using a FirstCyte Aspirator and 4 urine samples (baseline and 1, 3, and 6 mo) were analyzed for isoflavonoids by liquid chromatography tandem MS. Adherence to the study protocol according to 24-h dietary recalls and urinary isoflavonoid excretion was high. The drop-out rate was 15% (n = 14); 82 women completed the intervention. The 2 groups produced similar mean NAF volumes at baseline (P = 0.95) but differed in age and previous soy intake and in their response to the intervention (P = 0.03). In both groups, NAF volume decreased during the first 3 mo of the high-soy diet period and returned to baseline at 6 mo, but there was no effect of the high-soy diet on NAF volume (P = 0.50 for diet; P-interaction = 0.21 for diet with time). Contrary to an earlier report, soy foods in amounts consumed by Asians did not increase breast tissue activity as assessed by NAF volume.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The Volume of Nipple Aspirate Fluid Is Not Affected by 6 Months of Treatment with Soy Foods in Premenopausal Women1–4

Maskarinec

Morimoto

Conroy

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…There is a paucity of reports that have examined the diagnostic values of the three abovementioned tumor markers for breast lesions with nipple discharge [ 16 , 32 , 33 ]. A literature search revealed that there are no references for the levels of these markers in milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Levels of CEA, CA153 and CA125 in Milk and Benign and Malignant Nipple Discharge

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic values of three breast tumor markers (i.e., CEA, CA153 and CA125) in milk and nipple discharge in the prediction of different breast diseases diagnoses.MethodsThree hundred thirty-six patients (96 breast cancer and 240 benign disease patients) with nipple discharge and a control group of 56 healthy parturient participants were enrolled in the present study. Nipple discharge samples were preoperatively collected from the patients, and milk was collected from the colostrum of the parturient participants. The samples were assayed for the CEA, CA153 and CA125 levels. Cutoff values were determined for the detection of breast diseases using ROC curves.ResultsThe levels of CEA, CA153 and CA125 were significantly different between the nipple discharge and the milk (all ps < 0.001). In the nipple discharge, the CEA and CA153 levels in the breast cancer group were significantly greater than those in the benign group (all ps < 0.001), and cutoff values of 263.3 ng/mL and 1235.3 U/mL, respectively, were established. However, the expression of CA125 did not differ significantly between the breast cancer and benign groups.ConclusionDifferences in the apparent expression levels of CEA, CA153 and CA125 in patients with nipple discharge and healthy persons were validated. The present data suggest that CEA and CA153 might potentially be useful in the differential diagnoses of benign tumors and breast cancer. CA125 did not seem to be useful for breast cancer detection.

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“…To maintain stable physiology of the breast, an equilibrium exists between fluid secretion and re-absorption. Several factors are associated with NAF production; age, ethnicity, early menarche, history of lactation, high dietary fat consumption and dietary intake of lactose [ 80 ]. There is also a direct relationship between ear wax and NAF because both are produced by modified apocrine glands (ceruminous and mammary, respectively).…”

Section: Nipple Aspirate Fluid (Naf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women with wet ear wax yield more NAF, compared to women with dry ear wax [ 81 ]. Premenopausal women with lactation experience, aged 30–50 years and who had early onset of menarche produce more NAF compared to those who have not had children [ 80 ]. A study of 25 to 49-year-old premenopausal nulliparous women found that proportionately, Asian-descendant women were less likely to produce NAF compared to White American women [ 53 ].…”

Section: Nipple Aspirate Fluid (Naf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of nipple aspirate fluid as a diagnostic tool for early detection of breast cancer

et al. 2018

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There has been tremendous progress in detection of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, resulting in two-thirds of women surviving more than 20 years after treatment. However, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in premenopausal women. Breast cancer is increasing in younger women due to changes in life-style as well as those at high risk as carriers of mutations in high-penetrance genes. Premenopausal women with breast cancer are more likely to be diagnosed with aggressive tumours and therefore have a lower survival rate. Mammography plays an important role in detecting breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but is considerably less sensitive in younger women. Imaging techniques, such as contrast-enhanced MRI improve sensitivity, but as with all imaging approaches, cannot differentiate between benign and malignant growths. Hence, current well-established detection methods are falling short of providing adequate safety, convenience, sensitivity and specificity for premenopausal women on a global level, necessitating the exploration of new methods. In order to detect and prevent the disease in high risk women as early as possible, methods that require more frequent monitoring need to be developed. The emergence of “omics” strategies over the last 20 years, enabling the characterisation and understanding of breast cancer at the molecular level, are providing the potential for long term, longitudinal monitoring of the disease. Tissue and serum biomarkers for breast cancer stratification, diagnosis and predictive outcome have emerged, but have not successfully translated into clinical screening for early detection of the disease. The use of breast-specific liquid biopsies, such as nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), a natural secretion produced by breast epithelial cells, can be collected non-invasively for biomarker profiling. As we move towards an age of active surveillance, home-based liquid biopsy collection kits are increasingly being applied and these could provide a paradigm shift where NAF biomarker profiling is used for routine breast health monitoring. The current status of established and newly emerging imaging techniques for early detection of breast cancer and the potential for alternative biomarker screening of liquid biopsies, particularly those applied to high-risk, premenopausal women, will be reviewed.

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Nipple Aspirate Fluid Collection, Related Factors and Relationship between Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Nipple Aspirate Fluid and Breast Diseases in Women in Harbin, PRC

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

The Volume of Nipple Aspirate Fluid Is Not Affected by 6 Months of Treatment with Soy Foods in Premenopausal Women1–4

The Volume of Nipple Aspirate Fluid Is Not Affected by 6 Months of Treatment with Soy Foods in Premenopausal Women1–4

Different Levels of CEA, CA153 and CA125 in Milk and Benign and Malignant Nipple Discharge

Evaluation of nipple aspirate fluid as a diagnostic tool for early detection of breast cancer

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