Nipple Shields: A Review of the Literature

McKechnie, Anne Chevalier; Eglash, Anne

doi:10.1089/bfm.2010.0003

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thus, improved social services for single mothers are needed. Our finding on nipple shields is in line with the results of a literature review by McKechnie and Eglash () that concludes that current published research does not provide evidence for the safety or effectiveness of contemporary nipple shield use for either preterm or non‐preterm infants. Feeding less than 10 times per day showed an increased odds ratio by 4.5 for not breastfeeding exclusively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Jónsdóttir

Skuladottir

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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This study aimed to describe and compare breastfeeding progression, infants' feeding behaviours, maternal feeding difficulties, and mothers' usage of breastfeeding interventions for singleton late preterm (LPT) and term infants. A further aim was to identify associated factors for exclusive breastfeeding at breast at 1 month in LPT infants.This was a cohort study where mothers of LPT infants from a neonatal unit (n = 60), LPT infants from a maternity unit (n = 62), and term infants from a maternity unit (n = 269) answered a questionnaire approximately 1 month after delivery. Findings showed no significant differences in exclusive breastfeeding at breasts between LPT infants admitted to the neonatal unit compared with the maternity unit, during the first week at home (38% vs. 48%), or at 1 month of age (52% vs. 50%). Term infants were more likely to be exclusively breastfed at the breast (86% and 74%, p < 0.05) compared with LPT infants. Multiple regression analysis showed that usage of a nipple shield, not feeding breast milk exclusively during the first week at home, or feeding less than 10 times per day at 1 month were statistically significant for not exclusively breastfeed at the breast. A protective factor was the mothers' experience of having an abundance of milk during the first week at home. In conclusion, LPT infants are less likely to be exclusively breastfed at the breast than term infants, highlighting the need for further research to guide interventions aimed at optimising exclusive breastfeeding rates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Jónsdóttir

Skuladottir

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…In our own institution, a nipple shield is provided early to mothers in the NICU as a "lactation tool" to preserve mother-infant breastfeeding relation, namely maternal interest in breastfeeding, maintaining lactation, and expressing milk. A number of studies have shown the benefits of the use of nipple shields, although their use has not been readily advocated (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). These studies, however, did not investigate the potential reason or reasons for such advantages.…”

Section: Development Of Suckingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of infant oral feeding skills: what do we know?

Lau

2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

158

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The hospital discharge of premature infants in neonatal intensive care units is often delayed due to their inability to feed by mouth safely and competently. With immature physiologic functions, infants born prematurely cannot be expected to readily feed by mouth at the equivalent age of a third trimester of gestation as the majority of their term counterparts do. Consequently, it is crucial that health care professionals gain an adequate knowledge of the development of preterm infants' oral feeding skills so as to optimize their safety and competency as they transition to oral feeding. With a greater sensitivity toward their immature skills, we can offer these infants a safer and smoother transition to independent oral feeding than is currently observed. This review article is an overview of the evidence-based research undertaken over the past 2 decades on the development of very-low-birth-weight infants' oral feeding skills. The description of the different functional levels where these infants can encounter hurdles may assist caregivers in identifying a potential cause or causes for their individual patients' oral feeding difficulties.Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103(Suppl):616S-21S.

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“…Measurements with a Doppler US flow transducer installed in the tip of a latex nipple shield in infants aged 5-9 d showed frequencies under 1 Hz for continuous (i.e., nutritive) suckling and about 2 Hz for intermittent (i.e., nonnutritive) suckling (22). It is obvious that using a latex shield between the nipple and the infant mouth does not represent natural breast-feeding and it has been known to cause disturbances (23). Acquisition of orokinetogram signals in 1-to 2-mo-old infants revealed oral movements at frequencies under 1 Hz during continuous suckling and a band of 4-8 Hz for intermittent suckling (19).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanics of milk extraction during breast-feeding

Elad¹,

Kozlovsky²,

Blum³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

112

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How do infants extract milk during breast-feeding? We have resolved a century-long scientific controversy, whether it is sucking of the milk by subatmospheric pressure or mouthing of the nippleareola complex to induce a peristaltic-like extraction mechanism. Breast-feeding is a dynamic process, which requires coupling between periodic motions of the infant's jaws, undulation of the tongue, and the breast milk ejection reflex. The physical mechanisms executed by the infant have been intriguing topics. We used an objective and dynamic analysis of ultrasound (US) movie clips acquired during breast-feeding to explore the tongue dynamic characteristics. Then, we developed a new 3D biophysical model of the breast and lactiferous tubes that enables the mimicking of dynamic characteristics observed in US imaging during breastfeeding, and thereby, exploration of the biomechanical aspects of breast-feeding. We have shown, for the first time to our knowledge, that latch-on to draw the nipple-areola complex into the infant mouth, as well as milk extraction during breast-feeding, require development of time-varying subatmospheric pressures within the infant's oral cavity. Analysis of the US movies clearly demonstrated that tongue motility during breast-feeding was fairly periodic. The anterior tongue, which is wedged between the nipple-areola complex and the lower lips, moves as a rigid body with the cycling motion of the mandible, while the posterior section of the tongue undulates in a pattern similar to a propagating peristaltic wave, which is essential for swallowing.submental ultrasound | sucking pressure | computational model | fluid-structure interaction B reast-feeding is strongly publicized and encouraged by many societies and communities. It is well accepted that breast milk provides the infant both nutrients and immunities required for growth and development during the first months after birth. It is less known that breast-fed infants exercise and prepare their orofacial muscles for future tasks of speaking and chewing (1), and also have higher oxygen saturation than bottle-fed infants (2). Breast-feeding is the outcome of a dynamic synchronization between oscillation of the infant's mandible, rhythmic motility of the tongue, and the breast milk ejection reflex that drives maternal milk toward the nipple outlet. First, the infant latches onto the breast and nipple so that the nipple, areola, and underlying mammary tissue and lactiferous ducts are drawn into the infant's mouth with the nipple tip extended as far as the hard-soft palate junction (HSPJ). Then, the infant moves its mandible up and down, compressing the areola and the underlying lactiferous ducts with its gums in a suckling process that extracts the milk into its mouth (3, 4). Simultaneous with compression, spontaneous undulating motions of the infant tongue channel the milk posteriorly and trigger the swallowing reflex (5). During breast-feeding, suckling, swallowing, and breathing are coordinated by the central nervous system in a way that allows for...

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Nipple Shields: A Review of the Literature

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Breastfeeding progression in late preterm infants from birth to one month

Development of infant oral feeding skills: what do we know?

Biomechanics of milk extraction during breast-feeding

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