Nitrate Determination of Vegetables in Varzeghan City, North-western Iran

Nowrouz, Parviz; Hassan, Taufiq; Dastgiri, Saeed; Bafandeh, Yousef; Hashemimajd, Kazem

doi:10.5681/hpp.2012.030

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…N-nitroso compounds have also increased cancer risk in laboratory animals in different studies (Zhu et al 2014 ; Espejo-Herrera et al 2015 ). While previous reports have confirmed the positive correlations between acute exposure to excessive nitrate concentrations and certain cancer types, including stomach, esophageal and gastric cancers (Yang et al 1998 ; Nowrouz et al 2012 ), some reports in contrast suggest potential preventive effects and health benefits of nitrate, including cardiovascular effects (e.g., blood-pressure-lowering effects) (Machha and Schechter, 2012 ; Kapil et al 2015 ; Jonvik et al 2016 ; Velmurugan et al 2016 ; Kerley et al 2018 ; Jackson et al 2019 ). Other studies noticed that the formation of nitrosamines could be decreased with the high content of polyphenol and vitamin C in some fruits and vegetables by facilitating the non-enzymatic reduction of toxic nitrite to beneficial nitric oxide (Rocha et al 2009 ; Erkekoglu and Baydar, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Zendehbad

Mostaghelchi

Mojganfar

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The suitability of groundwater and agricultural products for human consumption requires determining levels and assessing the health risks associated with potential pollutants. Here, particularly pollution with nitrate still remains a challenge, especially for those urban areas suffering from insufficient sewage collection systems, resulting in contaminating soil, endangering food safety, and deteriorating drinking water quality. In the present study, nitrate concentrations in the commonly consumed fruit and vegetable species were determined, and the results, together with the groundwater nitrate levels, were used to assess the associated health risks for Mashhad city residents. For this assessment, 261 water samples and 16 produce types were used to compute the daily intake of nitrate. Nitrate in groundwater was analyzed using a spectrophotometer, and produce species were examined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was applied for categorizing produce samples with regard to their nitrate content. Additionally, to account for the sanitation hazards associated with groundwater quality for drinking purposes, total coliform and turbidity were also assessed using the membrane filter (MF) technique and a nephelometer, respectively. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the prescribed permissible limits in 42% of the groundwater wells. The outcomes also exhibit significantly higher nitrate accumulation levels in root-tuber vegetables and leafy vegetables compared to fruit vegetables and fruits. Using cluster analysis, the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables and fruits was categorized into four clusters, specifying that radish contributes to 65.8% of the total content of nitrate in all samples. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of nitrate and Health Risk Index (HRI) associated with consumption of groundwater exceeded the prescribed limit for the children’s target group in Mashhad’s south and central parts. Likewise, EDI and HRI values for produce consumption, in most samples, were found to be in the tolerable range, except for radish, lettuce, and cabbage, potentially posing risks for both children and adult consumers. The total coliforms in groundwater were found to violate the prescribed limit at 78.93% of the sampling locations and were generally much higher over the city’s central and southern areas. A relatively strong correlation (R2 = 0.6307) between total coliform and nitrate concentrations suggests the release of anthropogenic pollution (i.e., sewage and manure) in the central and southern Mashhad.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Zendehbad

Mostaghelchi

Mojganfar

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Monitoring and exposure assessment of nitrate intake via fruits and vegetables in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer

Ghaffari

Nasseri

Yunesian

et al. 2019

J Environ Health Sci Engineer

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Background Gastric cancer (GC) is the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Iran. GC is a multifactorial disease and is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure and risk of nitrate intake through fruits and vegetables (F&V) in high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) of GC in Iran. Methods Twenty nine species of F&V were examined for nitrate by reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data of 2000 adults participating in Persian cohort were applied to determine consumption patterns of F&V in those areas. A point-estimate daily intake was applied to compare two areas in terms of nitrate intake. Monte-Carlo simulation technique was applied to estimate chronic daily intake (CDI) of nitrate.Results The results showed that point-estimate daily intake of nitrate for subjects participated in the study was 2.02 ± 1.02 mg kg −1 day −1 in HRA and 1.98 ± 1.05 mg kg −1 day −1 in LRA. 6.53% of the participants in the HRA, and 5.9% of the participants in the LRA had an unacceptable point-estimate daily intake compared with an acceptable limit of 3.7 mg kg −1 day −1 established by FAO/WHO. CDI of nitrate in HRA was 1.94 ± 0.95 mg kg −1 day −1 and in the LRA was 1.93 ± 1.06 mg kg −1 day −1 . Conclusion The results showed that there is no difference between HRA and LRA in terms of nitrate intake through F&V.

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Urinary nitrate and sodium in a high-risk area for upper gastrointestinal cancers: Golestan Cohort Study☆

Etemadi

Buller

Hashemian

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

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Nitrate Determination of Vegetables in Varzeghan City, North-western Iran

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Monitoring and exposure assessment of nitrate intake via fruits and vegetables in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer

Urinary nitrate and sodium in a high-risk area for upper gastrointestinal cancers: Golestan Cohort Study☆

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