Nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate arteries irrigating the cerebrum but not the cerebellum and brain stem in monkeys

Abstract

The functional roles of the nitrergic nerves innervating the monkey cerebral artery were evaluated in a tension-response study examining isolated arteries in vitro and cerebral angiography in vivo. Nicotine produced relaxation of arteries by stimulation of nerve terminals innervating isolated monkey arteries irrigating the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Relaxation of arteries induced by nicotine was abolished by treatment with N G -nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and was restored by addition of L-arginine. Cerebral angiography showed that electrical stimulation of the unilateral greater petrosal nerve, which connects to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the parasympathetic ganglion synapse, produced vasodilatation of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries in the stimulated side. However, stimulation failed to produce vasodilatation of the superior and anterior-inferior cerebellar arteries and the basilar artery in anesthetized monkeys. Therefore, nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion appear to regulate cerebral vasomotor function. In contrast, circulation in the cerebellum and brain stem might be regulated by nitrergic nerves originating not from the pterygopalatine ganglion, but rather from an unknown ganglion (or ganglia).

Aging-related alterations in eNOS and nNOS responsiveness and smooth muscle reactivity of murine basilar arteries are modulated by apocynin and phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit-1

“…At the end of most experiments, the preparations were additionally challenged with nicotine (100 µmol/L). The amplitude of nicotine-induced relaxation was similar to that induced by EFS (10 Hz) in y-BA consistent with other reports 16 and was significantly ( p < 0.001) smaller in o-BA (Figure 4(a)). In y-BA, nicotine-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by TTX or L-NPA ( p < 0.05, Figure 4(a)).…”

“…A novel experimental therapeutic approach in animal models is the stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion 14 which leads to vasodilation, likely by releasing NO from perivascular neurons. 15,16 Histological and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that cerebral arteries are innervated predominantly by preganglionic neurons originating from the superior salivatory nucleus, which via the great petrosal nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion, and after switching to small postganglionic neurons, innervate cerebral arteries and intracranial internal carotid arteries, as well as the vasculature of the lacrimal and nasal glands. 17 These neurons release NO and peptides like substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide.…”

“…A novel experimental therapeutic approach in animal models is the stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion 14 which leads to vasodilation, likely by releasing NO from perivascular neurons. 15,16…”

Parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries: is this a potential clinical target?

“…In monkeys, PPG fibres appeared to be the source of NOS‐positive fibres to the anterior but not posterior cerebral arteries (Ayajiki et al . ) and in rats parasympathetic VIP‐ (Hara et al . ) and NOS‐positive fibres (Nozaki et al .…”

Análisis multivariado de índices atropométricos y variabilidad cardiovascular en el tercer trimestre del embarazo

“…Se ha demostrado en modelos animales que la estimulación eléctrica del nervio facial incrementa el flujo sanguíneo cerebral [17][18][19][20][21][22]. En un estudio con monos en el que se estimuló eléctricamente el nervio petroso mayor, que conecta con el ganglio pterigopalatino a través de la sinapsis con el ganglio parasimpático, se observó vasodilatación de las arterias cerebrales anterior, media y posterior en el lado estimulado [23]. Esto sugiere fuertemente la implicación de los componentes parasimpáticos que se originan en el tronco del nervio facial cerca del ganglio geniculado para formar los nervios petroso, que luego inervan las grandes arterias cerebrales a través de la ganglio pterigopalatino.…”