Nitrergic neurons in the medial amygdala project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat

Tanaka, Masaki; Ikeda, Teru; Hayashi, Seiji; Iijima, Norio; Amaya, Fumimasa; Hisa, Yasuo; Ibata, Yasuhiko

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00948-7

Cited by 46 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…They found out that approximately 40% of the neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus were nitrergic cells and 16% of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons in the Me projected to the paraventricular nucleus. We partially agree with Tanaka et al [1997]. The nitrergic nature of the Me neurons, as well as their efferent nature, was discussed above.…”

Section: Extra-amygdaloid Connectionssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…We found a slightly more significant number of terminals in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Tanaka et al [1997] investigated nitric oxide-producing neurons in the Am projecting to the paraventricular nucleus. They found out that approximately 40% of the neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus were nitrergic cells and 16% of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons in the Me projected to the paraventricular nucleus.…”

Section: Extra-amygdaloid Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efferent Projections of the Anterior and Posterodorsal Regions of the Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala in the Mouse

Usunoff¹,

Schmitt²,

Itzev

et al. 2009

Cells Tissues Organs

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The efferent projections of the anterior and posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus (MePD) in the mouse were studied by means of anterograde axonal tracing using biotinylated dextran amine. The MePD axons ran mainly via the stria terminalis and to a lesser extent via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The projections to the forebrain were broadly distributed and varied from very strong to scant. The most significant connections were destined to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in which all parts of the medial division were innervated by MePD neurons. Moderate projections reached the limbic striatum (nucleus accumbens), olfactory tubercle and the lateral septal nucleus. The substantia innominata was also innervated by the MePD, and especially the projection to its ventral portion was substantial. The profuse innervation of the medial preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic area indicated significant involvement of the MePD in sexual behavior. Many hypothalamic nuclei were innervated but to a different extent. The very strong innervation of the ventral premammillary nucleus further indicated the involvement of the MePD in the neuronal circuitry for sexual behavior. Substantial projections also reached the anterior hypothalamus and tuber cinereum, while the connections to the lateral hypothalamus were widespread but showed moderate density. MePD strongly innervated the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and moderately its remaining parts. The neurosecretory hypothalamic nuclei and the arcuate nucleus contained only a few MePD terminals. The thalamic innervation was very scant and reached the lateral habenular nucleus and the nuclei of the midline. The mesencephalic connections were moderate to sparse and projected to the mesolimbic dopaminergic groups in the ventral tegmental area, the pars lateralis and the dorsal tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta, the periaqueductal gray and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The present results principally resembled data known in other rodent species; however, the efferents of the MePD often differed in extent and/or topical distribution.

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Section: Extra-amygdaloid Connectionssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Extra-amygdaloid Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efferent Projections of the Anterior and Posterodorsal Regions of the Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala in the Mouse

Usunoff¹,

Schmitt²,

Itzev

et al. 2009

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…PVN afferents are well defined (Swanson, 1991;Watts, 1996;Champagne et al, 1998;Horvath, 1998;Li and Sawchenko, 1998), and comparison between their localization and that of NOS (Endoh et al, 1994;Blottner et al, 1995;Iwase et al, 1998;Rothe et al, 1998) suggests that the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamus, preoptic nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, in particular, are potential candidates. NOSpositive neurons have also been observed in the amygdala, and these neurons were reported to send terminals to the PVN (Tanaka et al, 1997). However, although functional importance of the amygdala for the HPA axis activity has received support (Beaulieu et al, 1987;Bohus et al, 1996;Goldstein et al, 1996;Marcilhac and Siaud, 1996;Feldman et al, 1998), the general view is that amygdala-PVN connections are indirect and sparse (Swanson, 1991;Sawchenko et al, 1996;Champagne et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Stimulates ACTH Secretion and the Transcription of the Genes Encoding for NGFI-B, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 1, and Vasopressin in the Hypothalamus of the Intact Rat

1999

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We investigated the effect of the intracerebroventricular injection of the nitric oxide (NO) donor 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) on the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and the neuronal response of hypothalamic neurons responsible for this release. Rats that were administered SIN-1 showed significant elevations in plasma ACTH levels, a response that was virtually abolished by antibodies against corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF) and significantly blunted by vasopressin (VP) antiserum. SIN-1 also upregulated heteronuclear (hn) transcripts for CRF and VP and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the immediate early gene NGFI-B and for CRF receptor type 1 (CRF-R 1 ) in the parvocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis with ibuprofen did not alter the ACTH or the PVN response to SIN-1. The central nucleus of the amygdala and the supraoptic nucleus, regions that are involved in autonomic adjustments to altered cardiovascular activity, also responded to SIN-1 with elevated NGFI-B mRNA levels. However, the only change in mean arterial blood pressure caused by this NO donor was a transient and modest increase. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that in the intact rat NO stimulates the activity of PVN neurons that control the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. It must be noted, however, that our results do not allow us to determine whether this effect was direct or mediated through PVN afferents. This study should help resolve the controversy generated by the use of isolated brain tissues to investigate the net effect of NO on hypothalamic peptide production.

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“…The PVN communicates with other hypothalamic nuclei such as the dorsal medial nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, and the caudal hypothalamus (1,8,13,26). It receives inputs, either directly or indirectly, from rostral brain regions, including the limbic system and amygdala, and caudal brain stem regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 region), A5 region of the pons, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and locus ceruleus (17,20,30,(35)(36)(37)(38). Outputs to autonomic regions that modulate sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular function have been extensively described (10,27,35,39,40,42).…”

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confidence: 99%

Integration in the PVN: another piece of the puzzle

Schlenker

2005

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a major integratory region in the hypothalamus that helps maintain homeostasis. Functionally, the PVN is involved in regulation of food intake, responses to stress, modulating metabolic rate, thermoregulation, and regulation of cardiovascular function and the autonomic nervous system (2,4,7,14,30,34,40). It is unique in that in contains primarily estrogen receptor ␤-receptors that regulate transcripts for vasopressin and oxytocin and also affect the function of preautonomic neurons (24,35). The PVN influences neuroendocrine function and the production and secretion of substances such as vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), orexin, corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF), and oxytocin (6,12,21). The PVN communicates with other hypothalamic nuclei such as the dorsal medial nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, and the caudal hypothalamus (1,8,13,26). It receives inputs, either directly or indirectly, from rostral brain regions, including the limbic system and amygdala, and caudal brain stem regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (A2 region), A5 region of the pons, the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and locus ceruleus (17,20,30,(35)(36)(37)(38). Outputs to autonomic regions that modulate sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular function have been extensively described (10,27,35,39,40,42). In contrast, less research has focused on the role of the PVN in control of breathing.Early research into the role of the hypothalamus on ventilation by Redgate (29) indicated that depression of hypothalamic function by injection of thiopental or hypothalamic lesions also depressed ventilation in anesthetized adult cats. In 1974, Kastella and colleagues (16) showed that respiratory-related neurons in the anterior hypothalamus of cats existed adjacent to areas that receive baroreceptor and chemoreceptor input. These investigators suggested that respiratory and cardiovascular integration occurred in this portion of the hypothalamus in a similar manner to that described in the brain stem. In 1997, Yeh and coworkers (41) demonstrated that the PVN influences respiratory timing and activity in urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats that were vagotomized and ventilated. Diaphragmatic electromyographic (D EMG ) activity was used to determine ventilatory output. Bilateral microinjection of glutamate into the PVN stimulated frequency of breathing and D EMG peak activity. Concomitantly, arterial blood pressure also increased. By microinjection of 4% Fluorogold into the phrenic nucleus, Yeh and coworkers (41) showed that there were direct connections between the PVN and phrenic motoneurons and the diaphragm and indirect connections between the PVN and brain stem bulbospinal neurons. Subsequently, Schlenker and colleagues (32) reported that unilateral microinjection of bicuculline, a ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor antagonist, into the PVN of conscious rats increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), breathing frequency, the volume of a breath, heart rate, and oxygen co...

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Nitrergic neurons in the medial amygdala project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat

Cited by 46 publications

References 26 publications

Efferent Projections of the Anterior and Posterodorsal Regions of the Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala in the Mouse

Efferent Projections of the Anterior and Posterodorsal Regions of the Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala in the Mouse

Nitric Oxide Stimulates ACTH Secretion and the Transcription of the Genes Encoding for NGFI-B, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 1, and Vasopressin in the Hypothalamus of the Intact Rat

Integration in the PVN: another piece of the puzzle

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