“…In aerobic organisms, RONS are constantly produced by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and by several enzymes [e.g., NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs); Ignarro, 1990 ; Raha and Robinson, 2000 ; Forman et al, 2002 ; Bian and Murad, 2003 ; Murphy, 2009 ; Lambeth and Neish, 2014 ; Nayernia et al, 2014 ; Di Meo et al, 2016 ; Ma et al, 2017 ; Moldogazieva et al, 2018 ; Barua et al, 2019 ; Sbodio et al, 2019 ; Gantner et al, 2020 ]. Some of the major RONS include hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide anion (O 2 •− ), peroxyl radical (ROO • ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), nitic oxide or nitrogen monoxide ( • NO), nitrogen dioxide ( • NO 2 ), and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ; Commoner et al, 1954 ; McCord, 2000 ; Forman et al, 2002 ; Pham-Huy et al, 2008 ; Di Meo et al, 2016 ; Sbodio et al, 2019 ).…”