Nitric Oxide Production is Stimulated by Bitter Taste Receptors Ubiquitously Expressed in the Sinonasal Cavity

Abstract

ABSTRACT

In Vivo Biofilm Formation, Gram‐Negative Infections and TAS2R38 Polymorphisms in CRSw NP Patients

“…In addition, further T2R genes may play a role in sinonasal immune defense. T2R4 and T2R16 receptors, expressed in the cilia of human epithelial cells of the sinonasal mucosa, are able to trigger NO production by using the canonical taste‐signaling pathway, as well as TAS2R38 …”

“…T2R4 and T2R16 receptors, expressed in the cilia of human epithelial cells of the sinonasal mucosa, are able to trigger NO production by using the canonical taste-signaling pathway, as well as TAS2R38. 44 Recent research provides evidence through a variety of methods for the expression of functional TAS2R38 receptors on neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid cell lines. 17 In particular, this research shows an appreciable variation of receptor expression among individuals.…”

Tracheal brush cells release acetylcholine in response to bitter tastants for paracrine and autocrine signaling

“…[4][5][6][7][8] Based on the recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing it became evident that more than one BC type exists in the airways and BC signature varies in different organs. [14][15][16][17] In the human upper airways nitric oxide released in response to taste receptor (TasR) stimulation increases ciliary beat, [18][19][20][21] but there is no proof that the same mechanism operates in the lower airways or additional mechanisms are influencing MC. 7,12 Yet, it remains elusive if these cells indeed synthesize and release ACh.…”

“…13 Cholinergic signaling is important for several innate immune processes in the airways, including MC. [14][15][16][17] In the human upper airways nitric oxide released in response to taste receptor (TasR) stimulation increases ciliary beat, [18][19][20][21] but there is no proof that the same mechanism operates in the lower airways or additional mechanisms are influencing MC. However, cholinergic signaling is important for other innate immune responses in the upper airways, since activation of solitary chemosensory cells (SCC) leads to cholinergic-mediated neurogenic inflammation in the nose.…”

The Role of Taste Receptors in Airway Innate Immune Defense

“…Other bitter taste receptors on ciliated cells, such as T2R4 and T2R14 [50], respond to different bitter agonists, such as quinine hydrochloride. Quinine is an alkaloid derivative that is isolated from the cinchona tree, and is found in several medicinal and commercial products [51].…”