Nitric oxide-propelled nanomotors for bacterial biofilm elimination and endotoxin removal to treat infected burn wounds

Peng, Jiawen; Xie, Shuang; Huang, Kun; Ran, Pan; Wei, Junwu; Zhang, Zhanlin; Li, Xiaohong

doi:10.1039/d2tb00555g

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Additionally, the magnetic functionality has been often incorporated to other kinds of motors, allowing for magnetic separation of the motors from crowded media, [ 32,33 ] external guidance, [ 34–37 ] or heat delivery. [ 10 ]…”

Section: Nanomotors and Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

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On Nanomachines and Their Future Perspectives in Biomedicine

Ramos-Docampo

2023

Advanced Biology

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in time, as pointed out by the "Scallop theorem." [1] This means that asymmetry has to present, either as part of the design of the motors or by creating a gradient of matter in the environment. Nanomotors have been widely explored in the last years after being first introduced in the late 90's. Pioneering groups in the field have envisioned these nanomaterials as capable of the most intricate tasks, such as detecting and fighting malignant diseases, nanosurgery, or cleaning clogged arteries. Some of these idealistic scenarios are unfortunately still far to be accomplished. Nonetheless, many challenges predicted more than 10 years ago have already been solved, contributing to great advances in the field of nanomotors, including the use of multiple enzymes to produce locomotion by cascade reactions that would overcome the low-speed motion of single-enzyme-powered motors (vs the use of highly toxic, inorganic catalysts), fast locomotion in nonliquid environments (e.g., gels, cellulose, instead of low-viscous, aqueous media) that better resemble the extracellular matrix or body fluids, or implementation of the motors in cells and animal models (and not only in microfluidic channels) toward future applications in biomedicine, such as drug delivery and diagnosis. Despite the fast progression of the area and the vast possibilities these nanomachines offer, many open questions still need to be answered. For instance, will nanomotors be able to accomplish equally sophisticated tasks as biological motors? Will energy conversion efficiency in the nanomotors compare to that of molecular machines? What are the limits in terms of power/thrust that nanomotors can attain? Will nanomotors be able to cooperate and make collective decisions toward a specific task, i.e., transporting heavy cargo or overcoming physical obstacles?In this Perspective, the evolution of nano/micromotors in biomedicine will be examined (Scheme 1). First, an overview of the classical mechanisms of motion together with the most advanced methods will be provided. Second, the mobility performance of different kind of motors will be discussed, with special emphasis in their improvement from simple media to more complex environments and finally cells and in vivo models. In addition, the challenges and opportunities in the field will be highlighted, with focus on swarms of nanomotors, theoretical models, and the crossing of biological membranes. Eventually, an outlook and future perspective of the field will be outlined, pointing out selected innovative solutions.Nano/micromotors are a class of active matter that can self-propel converting different types of input energy into kinetic energy. The huge efforts that are made in this field over the last years result in remarkable advances. Specifically, a high number of publications have dealt with biomedical applications that these motors may offer. From the first attempts in 2D cell cultures, the research has evolved to tissue and in vivo experimentation, where motors show promising results. In this Perspective, ...

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Section: Nanomotors and Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting example is the use of nitric oxide (NO) producing enzyme mimics as part of the catalytic reaction to produce locomotion in motors. [ 33,59–61 ]…”

Section: Nanomotors and Biomedicinementioning

confidence: 99%

On Nanomachines and Their Future Perspectives in Biomedicine

Ramos-Docampo

2023

Advanced Biology

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“…When exposed to elevated glutathione in the biofilm, the NO produced from one side of the Janus NPs generated self-propelled mobility and then deeply penetrated the biofilm. [90] Unlike motors with self-propulsion capabilities, natural cells equipped with motors have higher biocompatibility and adjustability. For example, platelets that are asymmetrically functionalized with Graph illustrating the challenges in eliminating biofilms due to the EPS matrix.…”

Section: Bubble-propelled Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Nanotechnologies to Overcome the Bacterial Biofilm Matrix Barriers

Wang

Mei

et al. 2022

Small

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Bacterial biofilms cause persistent infectious diseases and create tremendous obstacles to anti-infection treatment. [5,6] Epidemiological evidence has shown that biofilm formation poses a risk of chronic infection for clinical treatments, particularly in implant patients [7,8] such as cardiovascular grafts, fracture treatment, and orthodontic treatment. [9,10] If the biofilm infection is not cured in time, the long-term use of antibiotics to treat chronic infection may further aggravate the negative impact of antibiotics on the human body.The particular structure and components of the biofilm hinder the penetration efficiency of drugs and reduce the therapeutic effect of antibiotics, causing the hazard of bacterial biofilms. [11] In addition, some drug-resistant bacteria that inhabit the biofilms could secrete hydrolases (e.g., β-lactamases) to degrade antibiotics, making antibiotics ineffective. [12] In biofilms, the matrix, which accounts for most of the dry mass, possesses diverse functions such as the external digestive system, recycling center, gene pool, and nutrient source. [13,14] Biofilm organisms produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), primarily comprising exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA (eDNA), varying according to the environmental conditions. [15,16] EPS protects the organism from drying, oxidization, charged biocides, antibiotics, metal cations, and the host's immune defenses. [13,17,18] Additionally, EPS limits the diffusion of nutrients, creating a nutrient-deficient environment, further resulting in the slow metabolism of bacteria within the biofilm, making the bacteria less sensitive to antibiotics. [19] First, obstruction of the biofilm matrix results in extremely poor antibiotic and nutrient permeability. The aggregation of cations, such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , in biofilms, promotes crosslinking between polymeric polysaccharide molecules, increasing both the viscosity and binding forces of the biofilm matrix. [20] The hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of EPS also influence the drug penetration effect, which is related to the hydration state of EPS. [21,22] Furthermore, EPS helps immobilize bacterioplankton. The embedded bacteria in the biofilm show intense interconnections and produce stronger intercellular signal communication, a process called quorum sensing (QS). [23] Benefitting from QS, a relatively Bacterial biofilm-related infectious diseases severely influence human health. Under typical situations, pathogens can colonize inert or biological surfaces and form biofilms. Biofilms are functional aggregates that coat bacteria with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The main reason for the failure of biofilm infection treatment is the low permeability and enrichment of therapeutic agents within the biofilm, which results from the particular features of biofilm matrix barriers such as negatively charged biofilm components and highly viscous compact EPS structures. Hence, developing novel therapeutic strategies with enhanced biofilm penetrability is...

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“…Observation of tissue section results after 12 days of treatment showed relatively intact features that promote orderly arrangement of collagen deposits with no significant abnormalities or damage. [ 118 ]…”

Section: Safety and Biocompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Chemically Powered Micro/Nanorobots for Biological Applications: A Review

Feng

Liu

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are capable of autonomous motion, breaking through the limitations of traditional passive transport of nanocarriers. Among them, chemically driven MNRs are the earliest MNRs studied and have received extensive attention from researchers. This review first focuses on the material properties, preparation, driving forms, and mechanisms of chemically driven MNRs. The current status of research on chemically driven MNRs in biomedicine is summarized for various biological applications (drug delivery, diagnostics, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and disease treatment). In terms of biosafety, possible safety issues are analyzed in the context of chemically driven microrobotic applications in terms of three aspects: component characteristics, chemical engines and biological environment. Finally, the challenges and possible future directions of chemically driven MNRs are presented.

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Nitric oxide-propelled nanomotors for bacterial biofilm elimination and endotoxin removal to treat infected burn wounds

Abstract: Biofilm infection is regarded as a major contributing factor to the failure of burn treatment and the persistent inflammatory state destines healing delays and the formation of chronic wounds. Herein,...

Cited by 31 publications

References 52 publications

On Nanomachines and Their Future Perspectives in Biomedicine

On Nanomachines and Their Future Perspectives in Biomedicine

Recent Nanotechnologies to Overcome the Bacterial Biofilm Matrix Barriers

Advances in Chemically Powered Micro/Nanorobots for Biological Applications: A Review

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