Nitric oxide radicals are emitted by wasp eggs to kill mold fungi

Strohm, Erhard; Herzner, Gudrun; Rüther, Joachim; Kaltenpoth, Martin; Engl, Tobias

doi:10.7554/elife.43718

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Ground-nesting, immature Hymenoptera (and their food) are vulnerable to attack by soil-borne microbes. Hence, both endogenous and bacterially based defenses are common ( Kaltenpoth et al, 2005 ; Fernández-Marín et al, 2009 ; Strohm et al, 2019 ). For Ptiloglossa , the organic acids (and potentially ethanol) resulting from Apilactobacillus fermentation may suppress microbial invaders ( McFrederick et al, 2018 ; Vuong and McFrederick, 2019 ) analogously to the anti-spoilage properties of lacto-fermented food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee breweries: The unusually fermentative, lactobacilli-dominated brood cell microbiomes of cellophane bees

et al. 2023

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Pathogens and parasites of solitary bees have been studied for decades, but the microbiome as a whole is poorly understood for most taxa. Comparative analyses of microbiome features such as composition, abundance, and specificity, can shed light on bee ecology and the evolution of host–microbe interactions. Here we study microbiomes of ground-nesting cellophane bees (Colletidae: Diphaglossinae). From a microbial point of view, the diphaglossine genus Ptiloglossa is particularly remarkable: their larval provisions are liquid and smell consistently of fermentation. We sampled larval provisions and various life stages from wild nests of Ptiloglossa arizonensis and two species of closely related genera: Caupolicana yarrowi and Crawfordapis luctuosa. We also sampled nectar collected by P. arizonensis. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we find that larval provisions of all three bee species are near-monocultures of lactobacilli. Nectar communities are more diverse, suggesting ecological filtering. Shotgun metagenomic and phylogenetic data indicate that Ptiloglossa culture multiple species and strains of Apilactobacillus, which circulate among bees and flowers. Larval lactobacilli disappear before pupation, and hence are likely not vertically transmitted, but rather reacquired from flowers as adults. Thus, brood cell microbiomes are qualitatively similar between diphaglossine bees and other solitary bees: lactobacilli-dominated, environmentally acquired, and non-species-specific. However, shotgun metagenomes provide evidence of a shift in bacterial abundance. As compared with several other bee species, Ptiloglossa have much higher ratios of bacterial to plant biomass in larval provisions, matching the unusually fermentative smell of their brood cells. Overall, Ptiloglossa illustrate a path by which hosts can evolve quantitatively novel symbioses: not by acquiring or domesticating novel symbionts, but by altering the microenvironment to favor growth of already widespread and generalist microbes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee breweries: The unusually fermentative, lactobacilli-dominated brood cell microbiomes of cellophane bees

et al. 2023

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“…Another study revealed that the female beewolf grows helpful bacteria inside her antennae and transfers some to her young. The bacteria produce antibiotics that protect the larvae and their cocoons from mold [ 19 ]. A similar phenomenon occurs in plants: the genotype of the maternal plant usually controls the color of the seed coat, and the embryonal control of seed coat color is related with phenylalanine and alanine metabolism in the embryo [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Mystery of the Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthetic Defect Lethal Mutant leml from Birth to Death in the Silkworm Bombyx mori

Liang

Shu

Jiang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a vital coenzyme for several enzymes involved in diverse enzymatic reactions in animals, and BH4 deficiency can lead to metabolic and neurological disorders due to dysfunction in its metabolism. In the silkworm natural homozygous mutant leml, the key enzyme sepiapterin reductase (BmSPR) in the de novo synthesis pathway of BH4 is inactivated, resulting in severe deficiency of BH4 synthesis. However, it is not known why the leml larvae can survive to the second-instar stage and which pathways lead to their death when BH4 is deficient. Here, we quantified BH4 and found that the fertilized eggs contained large amounts of BH4 transferred from the mother to the offspring, maintaining its normal development in the embryo and the first instar. Subsequently, we investigated the multiple pathways in which BH4 is involved as a cofactor. The results showed that BH4 deficiency in silkworms blocked the melanin synthesis pathway, caused an insufficient degree of epidermal sclerosis, disordered tyrosine metabolism, and damaged mitochondria. On the other hand, BH4 deficiency led to the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (BmNOS), a reduced NO production, and a significantly reduced fat in fat body catalyzation by phospholipase A2, resulting in an impaired immune system. Meanwhile, the uncoupling of BmNOS increased the O2− content, damaged the DNA, and caused the apoptosis of the body cells. Taken together, BH4 is critical for the life and death of leml mutants. This study lays a foundation for the further exploration of lepidopteran insects and provides an important basis for the treatment of human BH4 deficiency-related diseases.

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“…Further, a drastic reduction was observed for mould cells after exposure to the plasma bubbling system could be explained due to the breakage of vesicle and the conidiophores after exposure to cold plasma which leads to cell leakage and loss of viability; in this way, cold plasma damages the fungal cell (Suhem et al 2013). This also may be because indirect plasma contains longer living reactive species like nitric oxide which comes in contact with food materials and kill mould (Surowsky, et al 2015; Strohm et al 2019). The overall finding of our result correlates with Coutinho et al 2018 according to the study, dairy product when exposed to non-thermal plasma treatment, the microbial load in it depends on different factors such as target species of microorganism, the interval of time used for treatment, input power and gas and food composition (Coutinho et al 2018).…”

Section: Microbial Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Optimization of Plasma Bubbling Set Up for Cow Milk Decontamination and Quality Evaluation

Dash

Jaganmohan

2022

Preprint

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Cold plasma aims to decontaminate and maintain the naturality of the food. The present study discussed the application of novel plasma bubbling for raw milk pasteurization with different combinations of processing parameters such as voltage, flow rate of air, time interval and volume. The observation showed a decline in microbial load, with an increase in pH value up to 6.9 at optimised conditions (200 volts, the flow rate of air 10 Litres/hour, time 15 minutes and volume 100 mL). The optimized condition was observed was found to be appropriate and could be beneficial to the food industry.

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Nitric oxide radicals are emitted by wasp eggs to kill mold fungi

Cited by 19 publications

References 118 publications

Bee breweries: The unusually fermentative, lactobacilli-dominated brood cell microbiomes of cellophane bees

Bee breweries: The unusually fermentative, lactobacilli-dominated brood cell microbiomes of cellophane bees

Exploring the Mystery of the Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthetic Defect Lethal Mutant leml from Birth to Death in the Silkworm Bombyx mori

Process Optimization of Plasma Bubbling Set Up for Cow Milk Decontamination and Quality Evaluation

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