Nitric
oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule, which plays
crucial roles in various biological processes, including inflammatory
responses, metabolism, cardiovascular functions, and cognitive function.
NO bioavailability is reduced with aging and cardiometabolic disorders
in humans and rodents. NO stimulates the metabolic rate by increasing
the mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat activation. Therefore,
we propose a novel technology of providing exogenous NO to improve
the metabolic rate and cognitive function by promoting the development
of brown adipose tissue. In the present study, we demonstrate the
effects of the peptide amphiphiles–NO-releasing nanomatrix
gel (PANO gel) on high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance,
and cognitive functions. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously
injected in the brown fat area with the PANO gel or vehicle (PA gel)
every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The PANO gel-injected mice gained less
body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased fasting serum
insulin and leptin levels compared with the PA gel-injected mice.
Insulin signaling in the muscle, liver, and epididymal white adipose
tissue was improved by the PANO gel injection. The PANO gel reduced
inflammation, increased lipolysis in the epididymal white adipose
tissue, and decreased serum lipids and liver triglycerides. Interestingly,
the PANO gel stimulated uncoupled protein 1 gene expression in the
brown and beige fat tissues. Furthermore, the PANO gel increased the
cerebral blood flow and improved learning and memory abilities. Our
results suggest that using the PANO gel to supply exogenous NO is
a novel technology to treat metabolic disorders and cognitive dysfunctions.