Nitrification Inhibitors: Classes and Its Use in Nitrification Management

Abstract

The explosive expansion of human activity during the last two centuries through industrial and agricultural pursuits has resulted in massive changes in the nitrogen (N) cycle of the planet. Based on the projected population growth and food demand, the N-fertilizer inputs into agricultural systems need to be doubled in the near future which would lead to further increase in the amount of N lost to the environment. If production agriculture continues to move towards high-nitrification agricultural systems with the expansion and intensification of agricultural activities, there is potential for catastrophic consequences to our planet due to the destruction of the ozone layer, global warming, and eutrophication. It is therefore imperative to manage the nitrification in agricultural systems for minimizing N leaks into the environment which are not only a serious economic and energy drain on society but also potentially have long-term ecological and environmental consequences. Currently, more than 60 % of the total N applied to agricultural systems is lost, amounting to an annual economic loss equivalent to US$17 billion worldwide. Wide substrate range of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), an important enzyme involved in nitrification, has enabled a range of chemicals or chemical formulations that can be effectively deployed as additives to N fertilizers to regulate nitrification. These chemicals by augmenting the efficiency of N-fertilizer use help us to achieve higher food production for catering the ever increasing population and minimize fertilizer-related pollution of the environment. This paper overviews N transformations in agricultural systems and the salient agrochemicals employed for management of nitrification, the most important transformation, in particular.

Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils

“…In addition, N 2 O production through denitrification of nitrate released during nitrification is also reduced when nitrification is inhibited. (Slangen and Kerkhoff, 1984;Chien et al, 2009;Trenkel, 2010;Kumar et al, 2015):…”

“…Overview of nitrification inhibitors (Trenkel, 2010;Kumar et al, 2015). (Bronson et al, 1992) 4-amino-1,2,4-6-triazole-HCl ATC Ishihada Industries (Malhi & Nyborg, 1988) 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyltriazine Cl-1580 American Cyanamid (Bremner & Yeomans, 1986) Dicyandiamide DCD Showa Denko y (Treweek et al, 2016) Thiourea TU Nitto Ryuso (Malhi & Nyborg, 1988) 1-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole MT Nippon No recent reference 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyramidine AM Mitsui chemicals (Kumar et al, 2015) 2-sulfanilamidothiazole ST Mitsui Chemicals (Bremner & Yeomans, 1986) (Menéndez et al, 2012) 1-amide-2-thiourea ASU Nitto Chemical Ind.…”

“…Overview of nitrification inhibitors (Trenkel, 2010;Kumar et al, 2015). (Bronson et al, 1992) 4-amino-1,2,4-6-triazole-HCl ATC Ishihada Industries (Malhi & Nyborg, 1988) 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyltriazine Cl-1580 American Cyanamid (Bremner & Yeomans, 1986) Dicyandiamide DCD Showa Denko y (Treweek et al, 2016) Thiourea TU Nitto Ryuso (Malhi & Nyborg, 1988) 1-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole MT Nippon No recent reference 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyramidine AM Mitsui chemicals (Kumar et al, 2015) 2-sulfanilamidothiazole ST Mitsui Chemicals (Bremner & Yeomans, 1986) (Menéndez et al, 2012) 1-amide-2-thiourea ASU Nitto Chemical Ind. n (Bremner & Yeomans, 1986) Ammonium thiosulphate ATS Fertilizer (Margon et al, 2015) 3-methylpyrazole 3-MP /SKW Piesterwitz y (Barneze et al, 2015) 1H-1,2,4-triazole HPLC (Barneze et al, 2015) 5-ethylene oxide-3-trichloro- Karanjin (Datta & Adhya, 2014) Calcium carbide (Bronson et al, 1992) N (2,5 dichlorphenyl) succinic acid monoamide DCS (Skiba & Smith, 1993) Polyolefin coated urea POCU (Delgado & Mosier, 1996) 3,4 dimethylpyrazol succinic acid DMPSA Eurochem (Pacholski et al, 2016) Potassium thiosulfate KTS fertilizer (Cai, 2018) The effect of nitrification inhibitors is strongly influenced by soil and soil moisture contents.…”

“…Some nitrification inhibitors can be added as a coating around the fertilizer prill, e.g., DCD and methyl pyrimidine . There are also a number of natural substances which act as nitrification inhibitors (Kumar et al, 2015). For example, in India an oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem plant and commercially applied (Azadirachta indica A.…”

Efficient Nitrogen Management Technologies for Sustainable Rice Production

“…The seed cake and extracts of Mahua contain alkaloids called saponin which slow down the N mineralization through nitrification inhibition. Based on the incubation study conducted on clay loam soil Kumar et al, (2015) found that the nitrification inhibitory effect of mahua cake extract persisted only for 20 days. The advantages of NNI are easily available, cheap, and eco-friendly (Upadhyay et al, 2011).…”