Nitrite-producing oral microbiome in adults and children

Sato-Suzuki, Yuria; Washio, Jumpei; Wicaksono, Dimas Prasetianto; Sato, Takuichi; Fukumoto, Satoshi; Takahashi, Nobuhiro

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73479-1

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In summary, reduction of nitrate into nitrite and the formation of ammonium appears to be favored in the oral cavity of halitosis-free individuals. This agrees with the taxonomic analysis described above where two nitrate reducing species, Rothia mucilaginosa and Veillonella dispar, and a third species that has also shown to produce nitrite (possibly by nitrate reduction), Streptococcus parasanguinis [44], were more active in halitosisfree individuals.…”

Section: Nitrate Reduction Is Under-expressed In Halitosis Patientssupporting

confidence: 91%

The tongue biofilm metatranscriptome identifies metabolic pathways associated with halitosis and its prevention

Carda‐Diéguez

Rosier

Lloret

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Halitosis is an oral condition caused by an increase in the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide, generated as a consequence of bacterial metabolism on the tongue biofilm. Microbial communities on the tongue of halitosis patients have been studied by bacterial culture, 16S rRNA taxonomic studies and metagenomics. However, there are currently no reports on the microbial gene-expression profiles. In this study, we performed RNAseq of tongue coating samples from control individuals and halitosis patients with different levels and composition of VSCs, as determined by gas chromatography. In this metatranscriptomic study, the activity of Streptococcus, Veillonella and Rothia species was associated with halitosis-free individuals while Prevotella, Fusobacterium and Leptotrichia species were associated with halitosis. Although methyl mercaptan is considered an indicator of halitosis, the metatranscriptome of patients in which only this VSC was present in elevated levels was similar to that of halitosis-free individuals. Veillonella dispar, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Rothia mucilaginosa were over-represented in halitosis-free communities in comparison to the rest of the groups, suggesting that these species could be used as a halitosis-free biomarkers. In contrast, the abundance of Prevotella shahi and Fusobacterium nucleatum were significantly higher when hydrogen sulfide concentration was over the established halitosis-threshold, making these species putative halitosis biomarkers. Finally, gene expression profiles showed a significant over-expression of genes involved in L-cysteine and L-homocysteine synthesis in halitosis-free individuals and an over-expression of genes responsible for cysteine degradation into hydrogen sulfide in halitosis patients. In addition, nitrate reduction into nitrite was also over-expressed in halitosis-free patients. In conclusion, halitosis was associated with communities that degrade amino acids and reduce sulfide, whereas tongue communities that produce L-cysteine from hydrogen sulfide and that reduce nitrate were associated with the absence of halitosis. The latter could provide new strategies to treat this condition.

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Section: Nitrate Reduction Is Under-expressed In Halitosis Patientssupporting

confidence: 91%

The tongue biofilm metatranscriptome identifies metabolic pathways associated with halitosis and its prevention

Carda‐Diéguez

Rosier

Lloret

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The most common nitrite-producing oral isolates belong to the genera Veillonella, Actinomyces , and Rothia (Table 1; Rosier, Moya-Gonzalvez, et al 2020; Wicaksono et al 2021). Sato-Suzuki et al (2020) recently expanded this list to include Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Selenomonas spp. in a Japanese population.…”

Section: Nitrate Metabolism By the Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Nitrate Reduction for Oral Health

et al. 2022

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Salivary glands concentrate plasma nitrate into saliva, leading to high nitrate concentrations that can reach the millimolar range after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Whereas human cells cannot reduce nitrate to nitrite effectively, certain oral bacteria can. This leads to an increase in systemic nitrite that can improve conditions such as hypertension and diabetes through nitric oxide availability. Apart from systemic benefits, it has been proposed that microbial nitrate reduction can also promote oral health. In this review, we discuss evidence associating dietary nitrate with oral health. Oral bacteria can reduce nitrite to nitric oxide, a free radical with antimicrobial properties capable of inhibiting sensitive species such as anaerobes involved in periodontal diseases. Nitrate has also been shown to increase resilience against salivary acidification in vivo and in vitro, thus preventing caries development. One potential mechanism is proton consumption during denitrification and/or bacterial reduction of nitrite to ammonium. Additionally, lactic acid (organic acid involved in oral acidification) and hydrogen sulfide (volatile compound involved in halitosis) can act as electron donors for these processes. The nitrate-reducing bacteria Rothia and Neisseria are consistently found at higher levels in individuals free of oral disease (vs. individuals with caries, periodontitis, and/or halitosis) and increase when nitrate is consumed in clinical studies. Preliminary in vitro and clinical evidence show that bacteria normally associated with disease, such as Veillonella (caries) and Prevotella (periodontal diseases and halitosis), decrease in the presence of nitrate. We propose nitrate as an ecologic factor stimulating eubiosis (i.e., an increase in health-associated species and functions). Finally, we discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential, as well as safety issues, related to the use of nitrate. In vivo evidence is limited; therefore, robust clinical studies are required to confirm the potential benefits of nitrate reduction on oral health.

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“…Among the bacteria detected in the biofilm grown in the presence of CHX, Schaalia spp. have been isolated from tongue biofilms [ 81 ], whereas Massilia spp. are a non-oral bacteria that have been isolated from environment (air and soil), tobacco and the blood of an immunocompromised patient, as well as from an otitis media infections [ 82 , 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Polymer Coatings Affect the Growth and Bacterial Population of a Biofilm Formed by Total Human Salivary Bacteria?—A Study by 16S-RNA Sequencing

et al. 2021

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Antimicrobial surface modifications are required to prevent biomaterial-associated biofilm infections, which are also a major concern for oral implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different coatings on the biofilm formed by human saliva. Biofilms grown from human saliva on three different bioactive poly(oxanorbornene)-based polymer coatings (the protein-repellent PSB: poly(oxanorbornene)-based poly(sulfobetaine), the protein-repellent and antimicrobial PZI: poly(carboxyzwitterion), and the mildly antimicrobial and protein-adhesive SMAMP: synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides) were analyzed and compared with the microbial composition of saliva, biofilms grown on uncoated substrates, and biofilms grown in the presence of chlorhexidine digluconate. It was found that the polymer coatings significantly reduced the amount of adherent bacteria and strongly altered the microbial composition, as analyzed by 16S RNA sequencing. This may hold relevance for maintaining oral health and the outcome of oral implants due to the existing synergism between the host and the oral microbiome. Especially the reduction of some bacterial species that are associated with poor oral health such as Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum (observed for PSB and SMAMP), and Prevotella denticola (observed for all coatings) may positively modulate the oral biofilm, including in situ.

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Nitrite-producing oral microbiome in adults and children

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

The tongue biofilm metatranscriptome identifies metabolic pathways associated with halitosis and its prevention

The tongue biofilm metatranscriptome identifies metabolic pathways associated with halitosis and its prevention

The Importance of Nitrate Reduction for Oral Health

How Do Polymer Coatings Affect the Growth and Bacterial Population of a Biofilm Formed by Total Human Salivary Bacteria?—A Study by 16S-RNA Sequencing

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