The
fluorescence of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been paid a
lot of attention, but its photothermal performance attracts less attention
since preparing CQDs with high photothermal conversion efficiency
(PCE) is a big challenge. In this work, CQDs with an average size
of 2.3 nm and a PCE of up to 59.4% under 650 nm laser irradiation
were synthesized by a simple one-pot microwave-assisted solvothermal
method using citric acid (CA) and urea (UR) as the precursors and N,N-dimethylformamide as the solvent under
an optimized condition (CA/UR = 1/7, 150 °C, and 1 h). The as-prepared
CQDs were demonstrated to have unique surface chemical states; i.e.,
abundant pyrrole, amide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups were found
on the surfaces of CQDs, which ensure a high PCE. These CQDs were
introduced into a thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
(PNIPAM) to form a CQDs@PNIPAM nanocomposite, and then, a bilayer
hydrogel composed of CQDs@PNIPAM and polyacrylamide (PAM) was fabricated.
The bilayer hydrogel can be reversibly deformed just by a light switching
on/off operation. Based on the excellent photothermal performance,
the developed CQDs are expected to be used in photothermal therapy,
photoacoustic imaging, and other biomedical fields, and the CQDs@PNIPAM
hydrogel nanocomposite is promising to be applied in intelligent device
systems as a light-driven smart flexible material.