“…Strategies to downsize Pt-based catalysts are reported to effectively reduce the cost of production and realize high performances, for example, single-layer Pt clusters anchored on ultrathin TiO 2 nanosheets were synthesized, presenting enhanced electrochemical performances compared with single Pt atoms, multilayer Pt nanoclusters and Pt nanoparticles . Besides, the pursuit of efficient electrocatalysts to achieve high current density at low overpotential drives the development of cost-effective non-platinum group hydrogen evolving catalysts. , Earth-abundant transition-metal phosphides (TMPs), such as the phosphide of Ni, Co, and Fe, have received great attention assigned to the favorable dissociation of H 2 . , Monometallic and bimetallic phosphides, such as CoP x , , NiP x , FeP x , Cu 3 P, , MoP, CoNiP x , and ZnNiP x , are highly active cocatalysts, which are generally applied to construct heterojunctions with semiconducting photocatalysts (g-C 3 N 4, ,,, CdS, CeVO 4, MoS 2 ) and metallic carbon nanomaterials . TMPs can be utilized as the interfacial electron transfer channels to accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and suppress photocorrosion for boosting photocatalytic H 2 evolution. , On the other hand, TMPs have been widely considered as cost-effective alternatives for electrocatalysis due to their metallic characteristics, excellent electrical conductivity, and good electrocatalytic performance. , …”