Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances grain yield  by regulating the grain distribution of secondary branches on the panicle axis and photosynthesis in japonica rice

Gong, Yu; Lei, Yu; ZHANG, X.P.; Yan, Bo; Ju, Xiaotang; Cheng, Xin; ZHANG, J.D.; Sun, Xueyuan; Xu, Hai Jun; CHEN, W.F.

doi:10.32615/ps.2022.002

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In congruence with our results, the photosynthetic pigment contents were elevated ( Jinwen et al., 2009 ; Cisse et al., 2020 ; Hou et al., 2020 ) or showed an upward trend in indica hybrid rice ( Peng et al., 2021 ) and japonica rice ( Gong et al., 2022 ) with the increase in N application rates. Appropriate N application was shown to improve the enzyme and chlorophyll content of plant leaves, thereby improving the photosynthetic activities of the plant ( Giersch and Robinson, 1987 ; Nduwimana, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Increased amounts of nitrate supply significantly enhanced Pn, g s , and E ( Mandal et al., 2022 ). As noted in this study, with the increase in N application level from 0 to 200 kg ha –1 , Pn, g s , and E were also increased gradually, while C i values were decreased ( Gong et al., 2022 ). Increased N application increased the Pn that noted a positive correlation with leaf N content ( Fallah, 2012 ; Rajesh et al., 2017 ; Bv et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ), increased the E ( Zhang et al., 2020 ), and increased the g s at the vegetative stage ( Roy Chowdhury et al., 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

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Promising physiological traits associated with nitrogen use efficiency in rice under reduced N application

Srikanth,

Subrahmanyam,

Sanjeeva Rao

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Higher grain yield in high-yielding rice varieties is mostly driven by nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied in abundant amounts leading to increased production cost and environmental pollution. This has fueled the studies on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to decrease the N fertilizer application in rice to the possible extent. NUE is a complex physiological trait controlled by multiple genes, but yet to be completely deciphered in rice. With an objective of identifying the promising physiological traits associated with NUE in rice, the performance of 14 rice genotypes was assessed at N0, N50, N100, and N150 for four (two wet and two dry) seasons using agro-morphological, grain yield, flag leaf traits, photosynthetic pigment content, flag leaf gas exchange traits, and chlorophyll fluorescence traits. Furthermore, the data were used to derive various NUE indices to identify the most appropriate indices useful to screen rice genotypes at N50. Results indicate that with the increase in N application, cumulative grain yield increased significantly up to N100 (5.02 t ha−1); however, the increment in grain yield was marginal at N150 (5.09 t ha−1). The mean reduction of grain yield was only 26.66% at N50 ranging from 15.0% to 34.2%. The significant finding of the study is the identification of flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence traits (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, ETR, and qP) and Ci associated with grain yield under N50, which can be used to screen N use efficient genotypes in rice under reduced N application. Out of nine NUE indices assessed, NUpE, NUtE, and NUEyield were able to delineate the high-yielding genotypes at N50 and were useful to screen rice under reduced N conditions. Birupa emerged as one of the high yielders under N50, even though it is a moderate yielder at N100 and infers the possibility of cultivating some of the released rice varieties under reduced N inputs. The study indicates the possibility of the existence of promising genetic variability for grain yield under reduced N, the potential of flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, and gas exchange traits as physiological markers and best suitable NUE indices to be deployed in rice breeding programs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Promising physiological traits associated with nitrogen use efficiency in rice under reduced N application

Srikanth,

Subrahmanyam,

Sanjeeva Rao

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Under the conditions of this experiment, the highest annual yield of double-season rice was found in the N2D3 plants ( Table 1 ). Many studies have shown that appropriate nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate density and a reasonable combination of the two can significantly increase the yield of rice [ 22 , 28 , 31 ]. Furthermore, the optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer will vary according to the fertilizer tolerance of different rice varieties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, if spikelets per panicle did not significantly increase under excessive use of nitrogen, the yield would be reduced due to poor grain filling [ 21 ]. A moderate reduction of nitrogen fertilization could prevent poor grain filling and reduce the number of panicles and spikelets, but dense planting would increase the number of panicles and spikelets [ 22 ]. Suitable nitrogen fertilizer could reverse damage caused by carbon-related metabolic enzymes and also regulate auxin and cytokinin, which contribute to grain filling, avoiding the damage of high-temperature grain filling and the consequences of poor grain filling caused by high nitrogen [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems

Zhou

Yan

et al. 2023

Plants

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Grain filling plays an important role in achieving high grain yield. Manipulating planting densities is recognized as a viable approach to compensate for the reduced yield caused by nitrogen reduction. Understanding the effects of nitrogen fertilization and planting density on superior and inferior grain filling is crucial to ensure grain security. Hence, double-cropping paddy field trials were conducted to investigate the effect of three nitrogen levels (N1, conventional nitrogen application; N2, 10% nitrogen reduction; N3, 20% nitrogen reduction) and three planting densities (D1, conventional planting density; D2, 20% density increase; D3, 40% density increase) on grain yield, yield formation, and grain-filling characteristics at two sowing dates (S1, a conventional sowing date, and S2, a date postponed by ten days) in 2019–2020. The results revealed that the annual yield of S1 was 8.5–14% higher than that of S2. Reducing nitrogen from N2 to N3 decreased the annual yield by 2.8–7.6%, but increasing planting densities from D1 to D3 significantly improved yield, by 6.2–19.4%. Furthermore, N2D3 had the highest yield, which was 8.7–23.8% higher than the plants that had received the other treatments. The rice yield increase was attributed to higher numbers of panicles per m2 and spikelets per panicle on the primary branches, influenced by superior grain filling. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application significantly affected grain-filling weight, with the 40% density increase significantly facilitating superior and inferior grain filling with the same nitrogen level. Increasing density can improve superior grains while reducing nitrogen will decrease superior grains. These results suggest that N2D3 is an optimal strategy to increase yield and grain filling for double-cropping rice grown under two sowing-date conditions.

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“…Therefore, the increase in rice production in China will play an important role in its food industry. The amount of fertilizer and transplanting density are important factors that affect rice yield [2][3][4]. In China, hybrid rice cultivation generally adopts the planting mode of low density and a high fertilizer application rate to improve the rice yield [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printed Sowing of High-Density Mechanical Transplanted Hybrid Rice Can Reduce the Amount of Fertilizer Needed

et al. 2022

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In this study, we investigated how printed sowing machine transplanting impacts the yield of single-season rice by increasing the planting density and decreasing the amount of fertilizer needed. The study was aimed at exploring the relationships between the amount of fertilizer, transplanting density, and rice yield. During the rice growing season from 2019 to 2020 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, six different field trials were conducted: low density and high fertilizer (LDHF), low density and low fertilizer (LDLF), middle density and high fertilizer (MDHF), middle density and low fertilizer (MDLF), high density and high fertilizer (HDHF), and high density and low fertilizer (HDLF). It turns out that compared to the LDHF, the thousand seed weight, the spikelets per panicle, the seed-setting rate, and the SPAD value at the filling stage decreased by 0.17% and 0.60%, 5.36% and 10.59%, 5.70% and 4.66%, and 17.52% and 4.93% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. However, compared to the LDHF, the panicles increased by 15.31% and 17.18%, respectively, the LAI at the filling stage increased by 1.92% and 0.48%, respectively, and the accumulation of dry matter above ground at the maturity stage also increased by 3.74% and 16.79% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Therefore, compared to the yield of rice in the LDHF, the yield of rice in the HDLF increased by 5.06% and 6.64%. The yields of rice in the LDLF, MDHF, MDLF, and HDHF were lower than that in the LDHF and HDLF. The partial least squares path model (PLSPM) analysis showed that the fertilizer, density, and aboveground dry matter had positive effects on the yield, while the SPAD value and LAI had negative effects on the yield. This research shows that increasing the transplanting density can compensate for the yield loss caused by reducing the fertilizer amount. However, no combination of the transplanting density and fertilization amount can achieve the purpose of increasing the yield.

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Nitrogen rate and plant density interaction enhances grain yield by regulating the grain distribution of secondary branches on the panicle axis and photosynthesis in japonica rice

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Promising physiological traits associated with nitrogen use efficiency in rice under reduced N application

Promising physiological traits associated with nitrogen use efficiency in rice under reduced N application

Increasing Planting Density and Reducing N Application Improves Yield and Grain Filling at Two Sowing Dates in Double-Cropping Rice Systems

Printed Sowing of High-Density Mechanical Transplanted Hybrid Rice Can Reduce the Amount of Fertilizer Needed

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