“…Sources for biomass-based energy production are crop and forestry residues (Smith, 2012;Smith et al, 2012;Tokimatsu et al, 2017), dedicated bio-energy grass (BG) plantations (Smith, 2012;Smith et al, 2012) or short rotation woody biomass from forestry (Cornelissen et al, 2012;Smeets and Faaij, 2007). Large-scale AR, as well as bio-energy plantations, require extensive 40 landscape modifications for growing forests or natural regrowth of trees in deforested areas to increase terrestrial CDR (Kracher, 2017;Boysen et al, 2017a;Popp et al, 2017;Humpenöder et al, 2014), and huge quantities of irrigation water (Boysen et al, 2017b;Bonsch et al, 2016). The biomass yields of AR and agricultural bio-energy crops directly correlate with fertilizer application, which in turn could reduce CDR efficiency due to related emissions of N2O (Creutzig, 2016;Popp et al, 2011) and initiate unwanted side-effects like acidification of soils (Rockström et al, 2009;Vitousek et al, 1997), streams/rivers, andGarrels, 1983).…”