Nitrogenous Reserves of Apple Trees

Oland, Kristian; Yemm, E. W.

doi:10.1038/178219a0

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This study agrees with the Woodward (7-6, 70, 73) to extract the free amino acids from plant materials; however, the and Rabideau (77) and Oland and workers were not very specific as to Yemm ( 9 ) findings that the amino acids when the extraction was complete. This study agrees with the Woodward (7-6, 70, 73) to extract the free amino acids from plant materials; however, the and Rabideau (77) and Oland and workers were not very specific as to Yemm ( 9 ) findings that the amino acids when the extraction was complete.…”

Section: Literature Citedsupporting

confidence: 91%

Potato Extraction, Determination of End Point in Extraction of Free Amino Acids from Potatoes

Talley¹,

Carter²,

Porter³

1958

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Procedure. Using infrared lamps, take 100-ml. samples of milk to dryness, ash at 500°to 550°C ., digest on water bath with 5 ml. of approximately 6 ' hydrochloric acid, together with a little water, and filter. Take the filtrate to dryness to remove most of the hydrochloric acid, dissolve in about 5 ml. of water, transfer to a 50-ml. centrifuge tube, and wash with about 10 ml. of water. Add 3 ml. of 10% HEEDTA and two drops of bromothymol blue, and titrate slowly with approximately 2.V ammonium hydroxide to the blue-green color. (The volume prior to addition of ammonium hydroxide is about 20 ml.) Centrifuge and transfer the supernatant to a 50-ml. beaker and set aside.Dissolve the precipitate in about 10 drops of nitric acid, add another 3 ml. of 10% HEEDTA, and repeat the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Centrifuge, add the second supernatant to the first, and take the whole to dryness under an infrared lamp. To the residue, add 15 ml. of nitric acid, cover with a Speedyvap, and take to dryness on the hot plate to remove ammonia. Add 10 ml. of the acid mixture and, when most of the nitric acid has been removed, POTATO EXTRACTION raise the hot plate temperature to ensure efficient oxidation by the perchloric acid. When the vigorous oxidation reaction is complete, allow the beaker to cool, wash down the Speedyvap and the sides of the beaker with distilled water and return to the hot plate at low temperature to evaporate off the water.When fuming starts, raise the temperature to fume off the bulk of the sulfuric acid, and finally flame the beaker.Cool beaker contents, add about 2 ml. of w'ater, bring to near boiling on the hot plate, and transfer to a 10-ml. graduated centrifuge tube. Add 3 ml. of the phosphoric-periodate solution, mix, immerse in boiling water, and keep just boiling for about 2 hours. The initial volume of about 10 ml. is reduced to about 6 ml. over this period. After cooling, centrifuge to remove water from the upper parts of the tube and to bring down the small amount of calcium sulfate, which usually occupies about 0.3 ml. Make the volume up to 6.3 ml.-i.e., 6 ml. over the volume occupied by the calcium sulfate, mix thoroughly, recentrifuge, and transfer to a 5-cm. cell for density determinations at 525 µ. ConclusionsRecoveries of manganese by this method appear satisfactory, taking into account the levels involved. Although not investigated, DTPA would probably behave in much the same way as HEEDTA. This method may well have application to other materials high in calcium and/or phosphorus, such as bone, teeth, phosphate rock, and limestone.

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Section: Literature Citedsupporting

confidence: 91%

Potato Extraction, Determination of End Point in Extraction of Free Amino Acids from Potatoes

Talley¹,

Carter²,

Porter³

1958

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…In accordance with the findings of Oland (1959), 70 "In ethanol proved to extract arginine inadequately and percolation with hot water gave a much more satis- Physiol. Plant., 25, 1971 Figure 4.…”

Section: Methods Of Analysissupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The importance of nitrogen stored within various tissues in autumn for tree development in the following spring has been shown by several studies (Harley et al 1958, Oland 1959Taylor andMay 1967, Taylor andVan den Ende 1969, with peach;Meyer and Tukey 1965, with taxus and forsythia;Meyer and Splittstoesser 1969, with lilac). Thus, Taylor and May (1967) and Taylor and Van den Ende (1969) found a highly positive correlation between the level of storage nitrogen in peach and the new shoot growth in the following spring if the current nitrogen application was low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Spring Mobilization of Storage Nitrogen in Isolated Shoot Section of Apple

Tromp¹,

Ovaa²

1971

Physiologia Plantarum

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The process of mobilization of nitrogenous compounds in trees during spring development was studied in short isolated shoot sections (usually bearing one bud each) of Golden Delicious apple trees. During leafing‐out of the bud, changes in the amounts of total, protein and soluble nitrogen and of soluble amino acids and amides in bark and wood were followed. The nitrogen required by the growing parts came mainly from protein breakdown in the tissues below the bud; in the tissues above the bud, total nitrogen decreased little, whereas the drop in protein nitrogen was considerable. In de‐budded sections and in internode sections where total nitrogen remained almost unchanged, protein hydrolysis occurred as well. It is concluded that the protein breakdown is not strongly dependent on the demand of the bud for nitrogen. Inversion of the sections did not result in any change in the pattern of nitrogen mobilization: a marked drop occurred in the nitrogen content of the physiologically basal part of the section and only a slight decrease in the apical part. The translocation of stored nitrogenous compounds to the growing parts seems to occur in the phloem, at least over short distances. Asparagine and arginine were found to be the major components of the soluble amino‐nitrogen fraction throughout. The relative importance of asparagine was reduced in tissue where a substantial loss of nitrogen occurred during leafing‐out of the bud. This is explained in terms of a preferential export of asparagine to the bud.

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“…Because the new shoots of trees have been considered traditionally as non-storage organs (Oland 1959), most investigators have chosen two-to three-year-old branches, or even older branches, to study VSPs in poplar trees and have concluded that poplar trees initiate the accumulation of VSP in late summer or early autumn (Greenwood et al 1990;Sauter and van Cleve 1990). However, the results of the present study show that when new shoot development was at the stage shown in Fig.…”

Section: New Shoot Initiated Vsp Accumulation In Springmentioning

confidence: 52%

Poplar Trees (Populus canadensisMoench) Initiate Vegetative Storage Protein Accumulation During New Shoot Development in Spring

Weimin¹,

Peng²,

Bing-zhong³

et al. 2005

Journal of Integrative Plant Biology

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It was generally assumed that the accumulation of vegetative storage protein (VSP) in poplar trees and/or temperate hardwoods did not occur in spring. To test this assumption, the accumulation of the 32-kDa VSP and the differential expression of a gene encoding for the protein in poplars were investigated using light and electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We report, for the first time, that poplar trees initiated VSP accumulation in new shoots during the development of new shoots in spring under conditions of high temperature and long days. The amount of 32-kDa VSP increased gradually in the stem of new shoots and in two-year-old branches, but there were no detectable changes in its abundance in the bark tissues of trunks during new shoot development. Based on the presence of a 286-bp DNA fragment that is identical to the VSP gene bspA, encoding for the 32-kDa VSP in Populus deltoids Bartr. ex Marsh., the differential expression of the 32-kDa VSP gene in P. canadensis Moench was revealed by RT-PCR. The results indicated that the 32-kDa VSP gene was expressed strongly in new shoots, relative weakly in twoyear-old branches and was not expressed in the trunk during new shoot development. This pattern of VSP accumulation and VSP gene space-time differential expression may be an important mechanism by which stored nitrogen compounds are used preferentially to exogenously available nitrogen and, in addition, the dynamic pattern may also have a role in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen uptake by the roots.

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Nitrogenous Reserves of Apple Trees

Cited by 37 publications

References 12 publications

Potato Extraction, Determination of End Point in Extraction of Free Amino Acids from Potatoes

Potato Extraction, Determination of End Point in Extraction of Free Amino Acids from Potatoes

Spring Mobilization of Storage Nitrogen in Isolated Shoot Section of Apple

Poplar Trees (Populus canadensisMoench) Initiate Vegetative Storage Protein Accumulation During New Shoot Development in Spring

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