Biomacromolecules (>40 kDa) have been developed as drug delivery system (DDS) carriers of low-molecular weight drugs to promote these drugs' uptake by cancer tissues via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. Human serum albumin (HSA) has been found to accumulate in cancer tissues via this EPR effect. HSA is the most abundant protein in serum, which performs essential physiological functions such as the transportation of many endogenous and exogenous ligands. Nitric oxide (NO) is a very small ligand of HSA; it is a unique and diffusible molecular messenger that plays a central role in mammalian physiology. Key words human serum albumin; nitric oxide; S-nitrosation; drug delivery system; anticancer activity; enhanced permeability and retention effect
HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN AS THE KEY PLAY-ER IN THE NITRIC OXIDE TRAFFIC SYSTEM IN HUMANSA gas modulator, nitric oxide (NO), plays an important role in the human body.1-7) A small amount of NO is synthesized by endothelial and neuronal NO synthases. Its actions, including the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, are pleiotropic. 8,9) However, NO can sometimes be cytotoxic. For instance, a large amount of NO inhibits the growth of cancer cells and induces cell death via apoptosis. 10,11) Many studies have identified that the apoptosis of cancer cells (directly) and the inhibition of cancer progression (indirectly) have relevance to NO.12) Unfortunately, the T 1/2 of NO is so extremely short (<5 s) that NO without a carrier cannot be applied as a therapeutic biological agent. Thus, NO releasing compounds with pharmacological activity have been synthesized around the world.For a long-acting and safe NO donor, we examined the possibility of developing a 'NO traffic protein' as a superior NO carrier. This 'NO traffic protein' would include (1) a NO binding protein with the superior efficiency of S-nitrosation, (2) superior stability of the S-nitroso form in human blood, and (3) the superior efficiency of NO transfer in selected cells which require NO. As a candidate for creating such a NO traffic protein, we selected human serum albumin (HSA), because HSA has high biocompatibility and good biodegradability, and because 'endogenous' S-nitrosothiols in serum are largely related to HSA. 13,14) Endogenous HSA has one Snitrosated site at Cys-34 thiol. The endogenous S-nitrosated HSA (SNO-HSA) was named 'Mono-SNO-HSA,' which has significantly superior stability compared with low molecular weight (LMW) S-nitrosothiols.