NMDA receptor function within the anterior piriform cortex and lateral hypothalamus in rats on the control of intake of amino acid-deficient diets

Orexin-induced feeding requires NMDA receptor activation in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus

“…There was no effect of our unilateral injection of D-AP5 alone to reduce food intake. However, rats did have reduced intakes following bilateral injection of the same D-AP5 dose into the lateral hypothalamus (4,33).…”

Mechanisms of Food Intake Repression in Indispensable Amino Acid Deficiency

“…However, roles for the ventromedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus (LH) as primary sensors of IAA deficiency were ruled out by the ablation studies of the 1970s (94). Data from Monda et al (82) and Blevins et al (12) suggest that the lateral hypothalamus acts secondarily, receiving signals generated in the APC (axons from the APC can be seen ending in the LH in Figure 3). The amygdala is important in the conditioned aversive responses, such as those for taste (33-35, 84, 95, 108).…”

“…AA response elements have been studied in human hippocampal cells (63), where the much of the work on long-term potentiation is done. The most likely reconciliation of these data is that the sensing of IAA deficiency occurs in the APC and is signaled via its projections (12,22,35,65,82) to affect other brain areas, such as hypothalamic nuclei and hippocampus, or amygdala, for the feeding-motivational responses, and to motor circuits for motor acts associated with food intake, such as approach to the food cup, chewing, and swallowing (Figure 3). …”

“…Yet, several laboratories have indicated that other areas of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus (12,83,103,104), are involved in the IAA response. The lateral hypothalamus is involved in the hyperphagia to 10% (moderately low) protein (112).…”

Circadian feeding entrains anticipatory metabolic activity in piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle, but not in suprachiasmatic nucleus

“…In fact, outputs of APCx such as the prefrontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, amygdala (Angeles-Castellanos et al, 2007;Mendoza et al, 2005), perifornical area and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (Angeles-Castellanos et al, 2004;Caba et al, 2008) show a circadian rhythm with an increased neuronal activation during FAA in animals subjected to restricted feeding schedules. Additionally, both APCx and OTu send projections to the lateral hypothalamic area, where orexin neurons reside and are related to arousal and energy balance functions (Blevins et al, 2004;Price et al, 1991). Notably, orexin cells in this area show a food-entrained rhythm in c-Fos immunoreaction under a circadian restricted feeding (Akiyama et al, 2004;Jimenez et al, 2013).…”