No effect of gender on different components of daily energy expenditure in free living prepubertal children

Grund, A.; Vollbrecht, H; Frandsen, W; Krause, H.; Siewers, M.; Rieckert, H; Müller, Markus

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801127

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This fact suggests that the previously reported higher REE in adult men cannot be explained entirely by differences in sex hormones. Contrary to previous studies but in a reduced group of prepubertal children (24 boys and 16 girls), GRUND et al (14) have shown that gender had no significant effect on REE. Our results show that gender determines REE strongly in non-obese group but it has no influence on obese group.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

“…More prospective studies are necessary to determine the effect of body composition factors on REE variability over time and its impact on obesity development. Biochem., 58 (1), [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]2002.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In children, there are not many studies in relation with REE determinants, and results obtained were often controversial. FFM is the main determinant of REE in children and adolescents (12,14,19) but the effects of other factors such as FM, pubertal development and gender, are less clearly defined. Age is another variable that has been repeatedly demonstrated to be a determinant of REE in children and adolescents (17,19), while absolute REE is directly proportional to child's age, because of FFM growth, the REE/FFM ratio increases only during the first year of life and decreases gradually until adult age (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of resting energy expenditure in obese and non-obese children and adolescents

Rodrı́guez

Moreno

Sarrı́a

et al. 2002

J. Physiol. Biochem.

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Resting energy expenditure (REE) is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure. Objectives of this study were to examine whether differences in REE exist after obesity develops in a group of children and adolescents, and to determine the effects of body composition, gender, age, pubertal development and parental obesity on REE. In 116 Caucasian children and adolescents (57 obese and 59 non-obese), aged 7.8 to 16.6 years, REE was assessed by open-circuit indirect calorimetry and different anthropometric variables and bioelectrical impedance were obtained (weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, waist and hip circumferences). Anthropometric indices and body compartments were calculated: the body mass index, surface area (SA), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-mass (FM) and percentage of FM. Differences between obese and non-obese subjects were tested and stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed with REE as dependent variable. Results show that REE was significantly higher in obese than in non-obese children and adolescents but REE/FFM ratio was not significantly different between these groups. In the non-obese group, FFM explained 73.1% of the variability in REE and gender, age and SA added 3.8%, 2.6%, and 2.6% to it, respectively. In the obese group, FFM was also the most powerful predictor of REE with 72.3%, followed by waist circumference and age with 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. These results show that REE differences between obese and lean children do not seem to justify the maintenance of obesity. The main determinant of REE is FFM in both groups. No significant contribution of FM, pubertal development or parental obesity in REE was found in children and adolescents.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of resting energy expenditure in obese and non-obese children and adolescents

Rodrı́guez

Moreno

Sarrı́a

et al. 2002

J. Physiol. Biochem.

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“…Basement recruitment included (i) assessment of the nutritional state by anthropometric methods as well as bioelectrical impedance measurements; 17 (ii) dietary assessment by a standardised food frequency questionnaire; 18 (iii) assessment of physical activity and social state by different questionnaires, 19 -21 risk factors (blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides by standard procedures) and resting as well as 24 h energy expenditure, physical activity, muscle strength and physical fitness in a subgroup of children. 22,23 Representativity of the cohorts was tested and assured by comparing sociodemographic as well as nutritional data (body weight, height, BMI) with the total group of 5 to 7-y-old children born in 1989 in Germany and investigated by the school physicians in Schleswig Holstein. 24 This group consisted of 25 338 5 to 7-y-old children (12 289 girls, 13 049 boys) which were 92.6% of all children born in Schleswig Holstein, the capital of Schleswig Holstein, in 1989.…”

Section: Study Participiantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of obesity—more than an intention. Concept and first results of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)

et al. 2001

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OBJECTIVE:Obesity prevention is necessary to address the steady rise in the prevalence of obesity. Although all experts agree that obesity prevention has high priority there is almost no research in this area. The effectiveness of different intervention strategies is not well documented. There is also no structured framework for obesity prevention. DESIGN: Based on (i) our current and limited knowledge and (ii) the idea that prevention of childhood obesity is an effective treatment of adult obesity, the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS) was started in 1996. Concept, intervention strategies and first results of KOPS are reported in this paper. KOPS is an ongoing 8 y follow-up study. We first enrolled a large scale cohort of 5 to 7-y-old children, providing sufficient baseline data. KOPS allows further analyses of the role of individual risk factors as well as of long-term effectiveness of different intervention strategies. RESULTS: From 1996 to 1999 a representative group of 2440 5 to 7-y-old children was recruited (ie 30.2% of the total population of 5 to 7-y-old children examined by the school physicians) and a full data set was obtained from 1640 children. Of the children, 340 (20.7%) were considered as overweight and obese, 1108 children (67.6%) were normal weight, and underweight was found in 192 children (11.7%). Of the normal-weight children, 31% or 346 (21.1% of the total population) were considered to have a risk of becoming obese. Cross-sectional data provided evidence that (i) there is an inverse social gradient in childhood overweight as well as health-related behaviours and (ii) parental fatness had a strong influence on childhood overweight. We observed considerable changes in health-related behaviours within 1 y after combined 'school-' and 'family-based' interventions. Interventions aimed to improve health-related behaviours had significant effects on the agedependent increases in median triceps skinfolds of the whole group (from 10.9 to 11.3 mm in 'intervention schools' vs from 10.7 to 13.0 mm in 'control schools', P < 0.01) as well as in percentage fat mass of overweight children (increase by 3.6 vs 0.4% per year without and with intervention, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: First results of KOPS are promising. Besides health promotion, a better school education and social support seem to be promising strategies for future interventions.

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“…Individually FLEX-HR was used to discriminate between resting and exercise HR. Total energy expenditure was measured by the FLEX-HR monitoring method as described previously 40,41 . For the remainder of the daytime, when HR was above FLEX-HR, energy expenditure was derived from the minute-by-minute recorded HR using the individual child's regression line for the VO 2 corresponding to HR 15 .…”

Section: Hr Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?

Grund

Krause

Siewers

et al. 2001

Public Health Nutr.

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107

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Objective: To assess relationships between TV viewing and body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, fitness and nutrition habits in prepubertal children. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Sixty prepubertal children (mean body mass index: 20.8 kg m 22 , age: 5±11 years, overweight: n 52Y normal weight: n 8). Methods: TV consumption, socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition habits were estimated by questionnaires. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis, and resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Total energy expenditure was measured by a combination of indirect calorimetry and individually calibrated 24-hour heart rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related energy expenditure and physical activity level were calculated. Aerobic fitness (VO 2 submax) was determined by ergometry, muscle strength (musculus quadriceps, musculus ischiocruralis) was measured by computer tensiometry. Children were stratified according to their daily TV consumption: #1 h of TV per day (group I) and .1 h of TV per day (group II). Results: When compared with children of group I, children of group II had increased body weight, body mass index, skinfolds, fat mass and prevalence of overweight P , 0X05 and ,0.01, respectively). By contrast, fat-free mass, energy expenditure, measures of physical activity and muscle strength were similar. Children of group II had normal absolute VO 2 submax but reduced adjusted VO 2 submax P , 0X05). They also had parents with a lower educational level P , 0X05X Similar nutritional habits were observed in both groups. There were no significant differences in the observed parameters between children with high (1±3 h day 21) and very high (.3 h day 21 ) TV viewing. Conclusions: There is a positive relationship between TV viewing and fatness. Increased TV viewing does not reflect reduced 24-hour energy expenditure as assessed by 24-hour HR monitoring, submaximal VO 2 , muscle strength or poor dietary intake. Increased TV consumption is associated with a low SES. Keywords Physical inactivity Activity Energy expenditure Childhood obesity Childhood nutritionIn Western societies overweight and obesity are epidemic and their incidence is increasing. Present data show that children are also getting fatter 1±3 . Environmental factors frequently discourage physical activity and promote overeating, thus supporting childhood obesity 1±4 . A low level of physical activity is considered as an increased risk factor of obesity 1,5±9 . Reduced physical activity results in a reduction in total energy expenditure (TEE), favouring a positive energy balance. However, the relationship between childhood obesity and energy expenditure or physical activity is far from clear. Obese subjects did not consistently show reduced activity 10,11 . Doubly labelled water (DLW) techniques, heart rate (HR) monitoring and accelerometers have been used to assess energy expenditure and physical activity directly in children and adults 9,12±15 . In addi...

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No effect of gender on different components of daily energy expenditure in free living prepubertal children

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Determinants of resting energy expenditure in obese and non-obese children and adolescents

Determinants of resting energy expenditure in obese and non-obese children and adolescents

Prevention of obesity—more than an intention. Concept and first results of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)

Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?

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