2015
DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020255
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No Evidence for a Culturable Bacterial Tetrodotoxin Producer in Pleurobranchaea maculata (Gastropoda: Pleurobranchidae) and Stylochoplana sp. (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida)

Abstract: Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin found in the tissues of many taxonomically diverse organisms. Its origin has been the topic of much debate, with suggestions including endogenous production, acquisition through diet, and symbiotic bacterial synthesis. Bacterial production of TTX has been reported in isolates from marine biota, but at lower than expected concentrations. In this study, 102 strains were isolated from Pleurobranchaea maculata (Opisthobranchia) and Stylochoplana sp. (Platyhelminthes). Tetr… Show more

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Cited by 22 publications
(18 citation statements)
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“…To date, more than 23 bacterial genera have been able to produce TTX. Among these, Vibrio was the most common genera associated with TTX production (Chau et al, 2011;Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Salvitti et al, 2015).…”
Section: Screening Of the Isolates For Biosynthesis Genes And Uplc-ms/msmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…To date, more than 23 bacterial genera have been able to produce TTX. Among these, Vibrio was the most common genera associated with TTX production (Chau et al, 2011;Pratheepa and Vasconcelos, 2013;Salvitti et al, 2015).…”
Section: Screening Of the Isolates For Biosynthesis Genes And Uplc-ms/msmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The analytical studies show that the quantity of TTX produced by the microorganisms is low when compared to its TTX bearing animals (Bane et al, 2014;Hwang et al, 2007;Noguchi and Arakawa, 2008). This is due to altered conditions, when bacteria grow in vitro or they produce TTX precursors with in the host (Salvitti et al, 2015). The environmental factors also play an important role in the biosynthesis of toxin.…”
Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although toxic marine animals are considered to accumulate TTX produced by several species of bacteria, [7] bacterial gene clusters corresponding to TTX biosynthesis have not been elucidated thus far. [8] Thedebate on the internal or external origin of TTX in toxic terrestrial animals still continues, [9] but recently,n os ignificant produc-tion of TTX or of its analogues have been observed in captivereared newts. [8] Thedebate on the internal or external origin of TTX in toxic terrestrial animals still continues, [9] but recently,n os ignificant produc-tion of TTX or of its analogues have been observed in captivereared newts.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In several studies,p roblems involving the isolation and cultivation of TTX-producing bacteria have been reported. [8] Thedebate on the internal or external origin of TTX in toxic terrestrial animals still continues, [9] but recently,n os ignificant produc-tion of TTX or of its analogues have been observed in captivereared newts. [10] Feeding experiments performed in toxic newts by Shimizu and Kobayashi [11] resulted in no incorporation of potential TTX precursors.A lthough biosynthetic pathways of some natural toxins that contain guanidine group(s) have been elucidated, [12] the actual biosynthesis of TTX is still amatter of speculation.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%