No evidence for nudging after adjusting for publication bias

Maier, Maximilian; Bartoš, František; Stanley, T. D.; Shanks, David R.; Harris, Adam J. L.; Wagenmakers, Eric‐Jan

doi:10.1073/pnas.2200300119

Cited by 184 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…I find consistent null effects on toxicity for all interventions that were delivered in the form of prompts or 'nudges' (Thaler & Sunstein, 2009). This aligns with recent findings on publication bias in the research on nudges in various domains (Maier et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Preemptive Empathy Interventions on Reply Toxicity among Highly Active Social Media Users

Oswald¹

2023

Preprint

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Can we reduce toxicity in online communication using behavioral interven- tions? Following the theoretical turn towards the role of empathy for demo- cratic discourse, this preregistered survey experiment tests various changes in an online discussion environments’ user interface (nudges) and an educa- tive intervention targeting users’ motivation to engage in empathy (boost) to reduce reply toxicity. Participants were recruited via Facebook Ads in the United States and Germany to acquire a sample of N = 2,154 highly active social media users. Based on their reported political attitudes, participants were asked to comment on social media statements they likely disagree with. Compared to the control group, neither the empathy or perspective taking nudges nor the friction placebo reduced reply toxicity. Boosting decreased reply toxicity to some degree but the effect was not robust against the inclu- sion of covariates. However, all nudging interventions significantly increased the length of replies. Overall, toxicity was highest among people with high online activity. While reducing toxicity online does not seem to work via simple changes in the user interface (nudging), more complex interventions (boosting) appear more promising to preemptively reduce toxicity before important voices are forced out of the public discourse online.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Preemptive Empathy Interventions on Reply Toxicity among Highly Active Social Media Users

Oswald¹

2023

Preprint

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“…Thus, coaches’ autonomy support and control on the sports field differs from autonomy and control in the clinic in both content and social context. Secondarily, the effects of SDT interventions can also be meta-analytically reviewed, as has been done with other behavior change approaches such as “nudge” (Maier et al, 2022; Mertens et al, 2022) or mindset (Yeager & Dweck, 2020) interventions.…”

Section: Why Meta-analyses?mentioning

confidence: 99%

We know this much is (meta-analytically) true: A meta-review of meta-analytic findings evaluating self-determination theory.

Ryan¹,

Duineveld²,

Domenico³

et al. 2022

Psychological Bulletin

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Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theoretical framework for addressing human motivation and wellness that has been actively and increasingly researched over 4 decades. As a cumulative knowledge base, many of SDT's fundamental tenets have been repeatedly examined. We identified 60 meta-analyses that tested many of the propositions of SDT's six mini-theories, other theory-based hypotheses, and SDT's utility in applied domains. In this review, we examine what these meta-analyses establish, highlighting the support they lend to the validity of SDT's motivational taxonomy and its hypotheses regarding the respective effects of basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration on well-being and ill-being. Meta-analytic evidence also strongly supports the relevance of SDT for organizations, health care, parenting, and education among other domains, with identifiable gaps in the meta-analytic literature. We conclude by discussing the importance of broad theory and the use of meta-analytic knowledge as scaffolding for further theory and research, albeit with its own methodological limitations. Public Significance StatementThis systematic review includes a comprehensive narrative synthesis of 60 meta-analyses, each of which tests various principles from self-determination theory (SDT). Such a review is of broad public significance because SDT has become one of the most widely applied approaches to human motivation and is the basis for interventions in many domains including work and organizations, health care, education, physical activity, and sport, among others.

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“…the use of emotional messages to reduce speeding intention in this particular study, strengthens the recent review that message design and style choices only make small differences in persuasiveness (O'Keefe and Hoeken, 2021). In addition, there is growing evidence that these behaviorally-informed policy interventions are highly context-dependent (Hallsworth and Kirkman, 2020;Maier et al, 2022). Universal behavioral science theory offers only one general strategic element of the intervention designing process and needs to be complemented with practice-orientated specific tactics, depending on local knowledge and context (Van Ryzin, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driven by head or heart? Testing the effect of rational and emotional anti-speeding messages on self-reported speeding intentions

Raymaekers

Fobé

Lerusse

et al. 2023

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

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No evidence for nudging after adjusting for publication bias

Cited by 184 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of Preemptive Empathy Interventions on Reply Toxicity among Highly Active Social Media Users

Effects of Preemptive Empathy Interventions on Reply Toxicity among Highly Active Social Media Users

We know this much is (meta-analytically) true: A meta-review of meta-analytic findings evaluating self-determination theory.

Driven by head or heart? Testing the effect of rational and emotional anti-speeding messages on self-reported speeding intentions

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