“…More importantly, learners can instill social network applications (Apps) directly, e.g., WeChat, Tencent QQ and WhatsApp, etc., to engage in informal online learning activities (Li, 2022a , b ). As a result, informal online learning has to date attracted considerable attention in language learning (e.g., Balouchi & Samad, 2021 ; Jurkovič, 2019 ), healthcare (Treasure-Jones et al, 2019 ), and teacher education (Grosemans et al, 2015 ), among others.…”