No more than discomfort: the trauma film paradigm meets definitions of minimal-risk research

Stirling, Nadine S.J.; Nixon, Reginald D. V.; Takarangi, Melanie K. T.

doi:10.1080/10508422.2021.1997603

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 51 publications

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“…For PANAS negative affect, they found that there was a mean difference of −0.11 for participants who said they felt "the same" as Time 1, 0.22 for participants who felt "a little more" negative, and 0.88 for participants who felt "much more" negative. In another example, studies that have used the PANAS to assess responses to highly distressing stimuli such as the trauma-film paradigm have found mean differences in negative affect from before to after viewing between 0.31 and 0.98 (Ehring et al, 2009;Guzey et al, 2021;Morina et al, 2013;Nagulendran et al, 2020;Stirling et al, 2023). Using Bridgland et al (2019) and Boysen et al (2021) as examples that also used the PANAS to measure negative affect, we can see that the mean difference in negative affect between warned and unwarned groups ranges from 0.09 (Boysen et al, 2021) to 0.14 (Bridgland et al, 2019).…”

Section: Anticipatory Anxietymentioning

confidence: 96%

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes

Bridgland,

Jones,

Bellet

2023

Clinical Psychological Science

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Trigger warnings, content warnings, or content notes are alerts about upcoming content that may contain themes related to past negative experiences. Advocates claim that warnings help people to emotionally prepare for or completely avoid distressing material. Critics argue that warnings both contribute to a culture of avoidance at odds with evidence-based treatment practices and instill fear about upcoming content. A body of psychological research has recently begun to empirically investigate these claims. We present the results of a meta-analysis of all empirical studies on the effects of these warnings. Overall, we found that warnings had no effect on affective responses to negative material or on educational outcomes. However, warnings reliably increased anticipatory affect. Findings on avoidance were mixed, suggesting either that warnings have no effect on engagement with material or that they increased engagement with negative material under specific circumstances. Limitations and implications for policy and therapeutic practice are discussed.

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Section: Anticipatory Anxietymentioning

confidence: 96%

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes

Bridgland,

Jones,

Bellet

2023

Clinical Psychological Science

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Choose Wisely! – Considering the Perceived Threat in the Selection of Trauma Film Clips May Improve the Ecological Validity of the Trauma Film Paradigm

Herzog,

McNally

2024

Cogn Ther Res

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Background The trauma film paradigm (TFP) is the gold standard experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma. However, different film clips with distinct effects on trauma-analogue symptoms are used across TFP studies, raising questions about the generalizability of study-specific results and the ecological validity of the TFP. Little is known about differences among film clips commonly used in the TFP regarding key features of psychological trauma (i.e., threat and anxiety) and their veridicality. Methods Thirty healthy participants watched eight trauma film clips in randomized order and subsequently rated each in view of perceived threat, anxiety, and realism. In addition to descriptive statistics, variance analyses and pairwise comparisons were performed to test for differences on these outcomes. Results The results indicated significant differences among the trauma film clips in terms of perceived threat and realism. However, nearly all trauma film clips evoked moderate anxiety levels. Conclusions This study stressed the importance of perceived threat as a key feature in selecting film clips for the TFP, as highly threatening film clips were also perceived as more realistic. When replicated using delayed outcomes (e.g., intrusive memories), choosing trauma film clips in view of their perceived threat might improve the ecological validity of the TFP.

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Validation of a Trauma Film: Emotional Responses, Intrusive Memories and Concept Activations

Chouinard-Gaouette,

Blanchette

2024

Cogn Ther Res

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No more than discomfort: the trauma film paradigm meets definitions of minimal-risk research

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes

A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes

Choose Wisely! – Considering the Perceived Threat in the Selection of Trauma Film Clips May Improve the Ecological Validity of the Trauma Film Paradigm

Validation of a Trauma Film: Emotional Responses, Intrusive Memories and Concept Activations

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