“…Since the questions we ask in this paper refer to the long-established parties in the German party system, we decided to exclude data on the populist radical right party AfD, which is not considered one of these parties (Berbuir et al, 2015;Serrano et al, 2019;Zons and Halstenbach, 2019;Atzpodien, 2020). The resulting dataset includes 7,588 respondents, who represent very different types of party members, from newly arrived grassroots members to well-established professional politicians with a very long party involvement (Bukow and Jun, 2020;Schindler and Höhne, 2020). It should be noted, however, that the party members who participated in the candidate selection process-whether in general meetings or, even more so, in delegate conferences-are not representative of all party members.…”