“…Our contributors examine the blurring of these boundaries, as paramilitary violence can be endorsed by the state and legalized with the transition into authoritarian governance in conflict regions (Ayhan 2021). Even extralegal social violence can be seen by various societal actors as 'legitimate' and applauded implicitly or explicitly by state authorities and citizens against the perceived enemies of the state or in-group (Saglam 2021;Kadioglu 2021), and violence that disproportionally impact certain parties and groups may not be recognized as such, especially by partisans of incumbent governments who are tempted to blame their rivals for provoking such incidents (Toros and Birch 2021). Moreover, the contributions reveal not only the workings of physical violence but also that of symbolic violence, which can take the form of internalized hostility, humiliations, and legitimation of inequalities among citizens (Bourdieu 1997), and they highlight the importance of cultural and moral contexts to understand the emergence, perception, and functions of violence.…”