No short-term effect of handling and capture stress on immune responses of bats assessed by bacterial killing assay

Strobel, Sara; Becker, Nina I.; Encarnação, Jorge A.

doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2015.02.005

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The full acute phase response is an example of an immune component that can be triggered by a short-term stressor53. Bacterial killing capacity was not influenced by stress in common noctules ( Nyctalus noctula )65, red knots ( Calidris canutus )71, bluecrowned motmots ( Momotus momota ) and claycolored robins ( Turdus grayi )66 but was depressed by acute stress in three other bird species66. The level of natural antibodies (assessed by the hemagglutination assay) is not sensitive to stress61 and accordingly, hemagglutination and hemolysis assays were not affected by handling stress in red knots ( Calidris canutus )71.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards

Heinrich

Hofer

Courtiol

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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As a textbook case for the importance of genetics in conservation, absence of genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to endanger species viability, since it is considered crucial for pathogen resistance. An alternative view of the immune system inspired by life history theory posits that a strong response should evolve in other components of the immune system if there is little variation in the MHC. In contrast to the leopard (Panthera pardus), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has a relatively low genetic variability at the MHC, yet free-ranging cheetahs are healthy. By comparing the functional competence of the humoral immune system of both species in sympatric populations in Namibia, we demonstrate that cheetahs have a higher constitutive innate but lower induced innate and adaptive immunity than leopards. We conclude (1) immunocompetence of cheetahs is higher than previously thought; (2) studying both innate and adaptive components of immune systems will enrich conservation science.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This permitted us to take into account possible differences in allostatic load between individuals or species6566.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards

Heinrich

Hofer

Courtiol

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Although several studies have measured antioxidant response [ 38 – 44 ] and immune variation [ 45 – 49 ] in wild animals during different seasons, they have used baselines measurements, and research on the effect of acute stress in these physiological parameters throughout the year is mostly inexistent. There are some experiments where redox changes [ 50 ] and cellular immunity [ 51 – 53 ] after acute stress have been determined under laboratory experimental conditions and some others where the effect on humoral immune response has been reported in the wild [ 9 , 54 , 55 ]. However, the results of these studies are contradictory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline and post-stress seasonal changes in immunocompetence and redox state maintenance in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi

et al. 2018

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Little is known of how the stress response varies when animals confront seasonal life-history processes. Antioxidant defenses and damage caused by oxidative stress and their link with immunocompetence are powerful biomarkers to assess animal´s physiological stress response. The aim of this study was A) to determine redox state and variation in basal (pre-acute stress) immune function during summer, autumn and winter (spring was not assessed due to restrictions in collecting permit) in the fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi; Chiroptera), and B) to determine the effect of acute stress on immunocompetence and redox state during each season. Acute stress was stimulated by restricting animal movement for 6 and 12 h. The magnitude of the cellular immune response was higher during winter whilst that of the humoral response was at its highest during summer. Humoral response increased after 6 h of movement restriction stress and returned to baseline levels after 12 h. Basal redox state was maintained throughout the year, with no significant changes in protein damage, and antioxidant activity was modulated mainly in relation to variation to environment cues, increasing during high temperatures and decreasing during windy nights. Antioxidant activity increased after the 6 h of stressful stimuli especially during summer and autumn, and to a lesser extent in early winter, but redox state did not vary. However, protein damage increased after 12 h of stress during summer. Prolonged stress when the bat is engaged in activities of high energy demand overcame its capacity to maintain homeostasis resulting in oxidative damage.

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“…Although bats may share several features of the immune systems with other vertebrates, they do have marked qualitative and quantitative differences in their immune system (Baker, Schountz & Wang, 2013). Evidence suggests that the magnitude of their immune response may vary as a function of body mass and physiological and ecological factors (Christe, Arlettaz & Vogel, 2000;Allen et al, 2009;Schneeberger, Czirják & Voigt, 2013b;Schneeberger, Czirják & Voigt, 2014;Strobel, Becker & Encarnação, 2015). For example, APR triggered an increase in total leukocyte numbers and a decrease in M b for the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata; Schneeberger, Czirják & Voigt, 2013a) and an increase in total leukocyte and neutrophill numbers and no change in M b for the wrinkle-lipped bat (Chaerephon plicatus; Weise et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #2 of "The energetic cost of mounting an immune response for Pallas’s long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina) (v0.2)"

2018

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The acute phase response (APR) is the first line of defense of the vertebrate immune system against pathogens. Mounting an immune response is believed to be energetically costly but direct measures of metabolic rate during immune challenges contradict this assumption. The energetic cost of APR for birds is higher than for rodents suggesting that this response is less expensive for mammals. However, the particularly large increase in metabolic rate after APR activation for a piscivorous bat (Myotis vivesi) suggests that immune response might be unusually costly for bats. Here we quantified the energetic cost and body mass change associated with APR for the nectarivorous Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina). Activation of the APR resulted in a short-term decrease in body mass and an increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) with a total energy cost of only 2% of the total energy expenditure estimated for G. soricina. This increase in RMR was far from the large increase measured for piscivorous bats; rather, it was similar to the highest values reported for birds. Overall our results suggest that the costs of APR for bats may vary interspecifically. Measurement of the energy cost of vertebrate immune response is limited to a few species and further work is warranted to evaluate its significance for an animal´s energy budget.

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No short-term effect of handling and capture stress on immune responses of bats assessed by bacterial killing assay

Abstract: N.I. Becker), J.Encarnacao@bio.uni-giessen.de (J.A. Encarnaç ão).

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards

Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards

Baseline and post-stress seasonal changes in immunocompetence and redox state maintenance in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi

Peer Review #2 of "The energetic cost of mounting an immune response for Pallas’s long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina) (v0.2)"

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