“No, Where are You Really From?”

Abstract

Abstract. Being perceived as a foreigner regardless of one’s generational status, citizenship, or self-identification is called foreigner objectification. This is a form of identity denial and is linked to psychological distress. To test how foreigner objectification could be measured in Europe, we assessed whether the Foreigner Objectification Scale demonstrated reliability and validity with German adolescents. The sample included 806 9th graders from 17 high schools. The results showed that the scale demonstrates good reliability, scalar measurement invariance across gender and citizenship status, and partial scalar measurement invariance across family heritage, generational status, and cultural self-identification. Adolescents who scored higher on the scale also reported greater school behavioral disengagement, lower life satisfaction, and stronger ethnic identity. Our findings suggest that the scale is psychometrically sound and is linked in theoretically consistent ways to adjustment and ethnic identity. We conclude that this scale offers another way to capture subtle discrimination experiences that add to a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination and the related implications in Europe.

“They are my safe haven”: The Importance of Personal and Social Resources for Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent Mastering Acculturative Challenges and Developmental Tasks

“…When sharing their experiences of discrimination with us, youth also referred to experiences of foreigner objectification. Referred to as experiences of being perceived as a foreigner regardless of one's generational status, citizenship or self-identification, such experiences canespecially for those in the country where one was born and raisedconvey the feeling that one does not and perhaps will never belong (Juang et al, 2021). When talking about experiences of discrimination, some youth also referred to teachers and reported about their deficit thinking beliefs.…”

‘Dutch’ according to children and mothers: Nationality stereotypes and citizenship representation

“…Relatedly, national labels are often used to refer to White people, albeit at an implicit level (Essed & Trienekens, 2008;Moffitt & Juang, 2019;Müller, 2011). As a consequence, ethnic-racial minorities in different European countries are often perceived and treated as foreigners, despite having legal citizenship (Beaman, 2023;Juang et al, 2021). At the same time, national identities in Europe are argued to be least inclusive of Muslim minorities (Fleischmann & Phalet, 2018).…”

“…Although legally, definitions of nationality are fixed, they do not necessarily match psychological representations of nationality (Yogeeswaran & Dasgupta, 2014). Despite having legal citizenship, members from ethnically underrepresented groups are at risk of being seen as foreigners (Juang et al., 2021), with negative consequences for their psychological well‐being (Kiang et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020). Research in the United States has clearly documented the nationality stereotype equating being American with being White: White Americans are perceived as more American than Americans of colour (Devos & Banaji, 2005; Devos et al., 2010; Nosek et al., 2010).…”

Ethnic-Racial Socialization Through the Lens of German Young Adults of Turkish, Kurdish, East and Southeast Asian Heritage

“…Furthermore, what we know about racially marginalized youth's ERS outside of family settings relies on the studies reporting teachers (Civitillo, Mayer, et al, 2023;Karabulut, 2020), peers (Kunyu et al, 2021), "others" in general as perpetrators of (explicit, implicit) discrimination (Salentin, 2007) and subtle forms of discrimination (Juang et al, 2021). Some also explored teachers and peers as sources of socialization contents regarding cultural pluralism and equality/inclusion approaches (Schachner, 2019;Vietze et al, 2019) in school settings.…”