Nobel Lecture: Cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies: Their discovery and utilization

Smoot, George F.

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.79.1349

Cited by 60 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…This idea could find support in the hypothesis of Hoyle (1948) and Hoyle et al (1993) that new matter is being created in the universe to sustain the model of a steady-state universe. Not only has evidence of this process never been found but the cosmic microwave background radiation discovered by Penzias and Wilson (1965) is considered crucial proof against a steady-state universe (Smoot, 2006). However, even if the hypothesis of Hoyle (1948) and Hoyle et al (1993) were confirmed, further problems would arise.…”

Section: P Sudiro: the Earth Expansion Theorymentioning

confidence: 97%

The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief

Sudiro

2014

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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Abstract. During the first half of 20th century, the dominant global tectonics model based on Earth contraction had increasing problems accommodating new geological evidence, with the result that alternative geodynamic theories were investigated. Due to the level of scientific knowledge and the limited amount of data available in many scientific disciplines at the time, not only was contractionism considered a valid scientific theory but the debate also included expansionism, mobilism on a fixed-dimension planet, or various combinations of these geodynamic hypotheses. Geologists and physicists generally accepted that planets could change their dimensions, although the change of volume was generally believed to happen because of a contraction, not an expansion.

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Section: P Sudiro: the Earth Expansion Theorymentioning

confidence: 97%

The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief

Sudiro

2014

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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“…Expansion of radiation into space thus changes radiation temperature (6) and radiation frequency (5). Relation (5) has actually been used to interpret the origin of the 2.72˚K microwave background radiation from space as a relic of Big Bang explosion, when the universe was assumed to be much smaller.…”

Section: Entropy In Quantum Processes and Cosmologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But radiation itself was not understood to expand adiabatically in a given static space to produce entropy (for which the formula was originally calculated), changing radiation's temperature and frequency, and giving rise to microwave radiation as entropy product. In contrast empty space itself was assumed to expand to a large volume, respecting adiabatic conditions, and stretching the wavelength of photons to microwave dimensions [5].…”

Section: Entropy In Quantum Processes and Cosmologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fundamentally Irreversible World as an Opportunity towards a Consistent Understanding of Quantum and Cosmological Contexts

Tributsch¹

2016

JMP

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In a preceding publication a fundamentally oriented and irreversible world was shown to be derivable from the important principle of least action. A consequence of such a paradigm change is avoidance of paradoxes within a "dynamic" quantum physics. This becomes essentially possible because fundamental irreversibility allows consideration of the "entropy" concept in elementary processes. For this reason, and for a compensation of entropy in the spread out energy of the wave, the duality of particle and wave has to be mediated via an information self-image of matter. In this publication considerations are extended to irreversible thermodynamics, to gravitation and cosmology with its dependence on quantum interpretations. The information self-image of matter around particles could be identified with gravitation. Because information can also impose an always constant light velocity there is no need any more to attribute such a property to empty space, as done in relativity theory. In addition, the possibility is recognized to consider entropy generation by expanding photon fields in the universe. Via a continuous activation of information on matter photons can generate entropy and release small energy packages without interacting with matter. This facilitates a new interpretation of galactic redshift, emphasizes an information link between quantum-and cosmological phenomena, and evidences an information-triggered origin of the universe. Self-organized processes approach maximum entropy production within their constraints. In a far from equilibrium world also information, with its energy content, can selforganize to a higher hierarchy of computation. It is here identified with consciousness. This appears to explain evolution of spirit and intelligence on a materialistic basis. Also gravitation, here identified as information on matter, could, under special conditions, self-organize to act as a super-gravitation, offering an alternative to dark matter. Time is not an illusion, but has to be un-H. Tributsch 1456 derstood as flux of action, which is the ultimate reality of change. The concept of an irreversible physical world opens a route towards a rational understanding of complex contexts in nature.

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“…In the thermal radiation of a black body, the intensity is composed of two parts: one is the shot noise and the other is the wave noise [4], and the Planck formula can be separated mathematically into two parts:…”

Section: The Estimation About the Rest Mass Of The Photonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon Gas Is the Medium of Electromagnetic Waves

Chen¹

2018

WJM

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The aim of this paper is to find the carrier or medium of electromagnetic waves that has been searched for many years. The thermal radiation is composed of the shot noise and the wave noise, so the Planck formula can be separated mathematically into two parts. Assume every photon has the same proper magnetic moment and an equal rest mass which has been estimated from the cosmic background temperature in space where the photon gas is at an open state of thermal equilibrium. The magnetic-electric dynamic equation is established that means magnetic curl caused electric change, and the electric-magnetic dynamic equation is established that means electric curl caused magnetic change. After the wave equation is caught, it is clear that the photon gas is the medium of electromagnetic waves in vacuum.

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Nobel Lecture: Cosmic microwave background radiation anisotropies: Their discovery and utilization

Cited by 60 publications

References 108 publications

The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief

The Earth expansion theory and its transition from scientific hypothesis to pseudoscientific belief

A Fundamentally Irreversible World as an Opportunity towards a Consistent Understanding of Quantum and Cosmological Contexts

Photon Gas Is the Medium of Electromagnetic Waves

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