Nocardia rubra cell‐wall skeleton influences the development of cervical carcinoma by promoting the antitumor effect of macrophages and dendritic cells

Zhang, Siyang; Wang, Han; Liu, Yisi; Tao, Tao; Zeng, Zhi; Zhou, Yingying; Wang, Min

doi:10.1002/cam4.4526

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Maturation of DCs can be promoted by bacterial components, inflammatory cytokines, or antigen-antibody complexes (36). Nr-CWS is a bacterial-derived extract that activates DCs in vitro (20). In the present study, Nr-CWS enhanced HLA-DR, CD86, and CD83 expression in DCs, increased IL-12 production, and reduced IL-10 production.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

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Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton activates an immune response in cervical tissue via stimulating FPR3 to enhance dendritic cell-mediated Th1 differentiation

et al. 2023

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Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) has proven to be a successful medicine for therapy of cervical human papillomavirus infection. The mechanism of action of Nr-CWS is unclear but may involve a stimulatory effect on the host immune system. We previously found that CD4+ T cells were increased in cervical tissue after Nr-CWS treatment. Microarray data from these cervical tissues revealed the significant upregulation of formylated peptide receptor 3 (FPR3). This study aimed to explore the role of Nr-CWS in immunomodulatory based on these findings. Examination of CD4+ T cell subsets in cervical tissue from patients who received Nr-CWS revealed substantial increases in Th1 cytokines and transcription factors. The regulatory effects of Nr-CWS on the function and phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs) were assessed in comparison with the traditional DC maturation inducer lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similar to LPS, Nr-CWS potently induced DC maturation and interleukin-12 (IL-12) secretion. Differentiation of T cells induced by Nr-CWS stimulated DCs was assessed using the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Significant differentiation towards Th1 was evident. Finally, FPR3 expression in DCs in response to Nr-CWS and LPS was measured. Nr-CWS potently upregulated FPR3 expression, while the LPS did not. Silencing FPR3 in DCs reduced Nr-CWS-induced IL-12 production and Th1 cell polarization in co-cultured T cells. The collective findings indicate that Nr-CWS may target FPR3 on the surface of DC cells and activate a Th1-type immune response. The findings clarify the basis of the antiviral immune effects of Nr-CWS on human papillomavirus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

“…Recently, it has been proposed that Nr-CWS facilitates the proliferation and viability of DCs (19). Zhang et al reported that Nr-CWS can promote the maturation of DCs (20). Based on these findings, we explored the response of T cells to DCs stimulated by Nr-CWS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton activates an immune response in cervical tissue via stimulating FPR3 to enhance dendritic cell-mediated Th1 differentiation

et al. 2023

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“…[25] A study suggests that Nr CWS can promote apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells by enhancing the antitumor effect of dendritic cells and macrophages. [9] In order to evaluate the effectiveness of 5-ALA PDT for the treatment of cervical LSIL paired with HPV, our study used Nr-CWS as the control group. At 4 to 6 or 12 months of follow-up, our study observed no statistically significant difference in HPV remission between the Nr-CWS group and the 5-ALA PDT group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8] Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (Nr-CWS), an immune booster, has been utilized to treat cervical precancerous lesions and persistent HPV infection. [9] A brand-new, minimally invasive treatment method is called photodynamic therapy (PDT). [10] PDT has been recommended as a preferred method for genital warts, skin basal cell carcinoma, and other diseases, but its availability in treating cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion is still unidentified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride topical powder photodynamic therapy versus nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton and observers group in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with human papillomavirus infection: A non-randomized study, controlled pilot study

et al. 2023

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There are insufficient studies comparing the efficacy of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride topical powder (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) therapy in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with human papillomavirus (HPV), especially for long-term efficacy. Patients with cervical LSIL and HPV infection were divided into 3 treatment groups based on their own choice. All patients had a follow-up test including HPV testing, cytology and colposcopy at 4 to 6 months and 12 months after the treatment. Among142 patients, patients received 51 ALA PDT and 41 patients received Nr-CWS. Another 50 patients who refused treatment were included in the Observers group. Four to six months or 12 months after treatment, there was significant difference between 3 groups in the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection and the complete remission (CR) rates of cervical LSIL; the CR rates of cervical LSIL in the ALA PDT group was significantly higher than the Nr-CWS group; but there was no significant difference between 2 groups in the clearance rate of HPV infection. The CR rates of cervical LSIL and the clearance rate of HPV infection in the ALA PDT group was significantly higher than the Observers group; the CR rates of cervical LSIL and the clearance rate of HPV infection in the Nr-CWS group was significantly higher than the Observers group; there was no significant difference in the recurrence rates in ALA PDT and Nr-CWS group after 12 months. Both of ALA PDT and Nr-CWS group had lower recurrence rate than the Observers group. The effect of ALA PDT is similar to Nr-CWS in the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection. Compared to the Nr-CWS group, the CR rates of cervical LSIL were considerably greater in the ALA PDT group. The effect of ALA PDT in the clearance rate of HPV infection and CR rates of cervical LSIL was significantly higher than the follow-up group; Both of ALA PDT and Nr-CWS group had lower recurrence rate than the Observers group. For cervical LSIL with HPV infection, ALA PDT is a very successful therapeutic method that is noninvasive.

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“…The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) was extracted from a rubra, a gram-positive bacterium that consists of nocardia acid, arabinogalactan, and mucopolysaccharide. Previous studies have shown that Nr-CWSs can act as an immunomodulator to upregulate the body’s immune function for antitumor purposes, and it can also accelerate the wound repair process in patients with celiac disease [ 1 ]. Some researchers have applied it to mouse skin wounds and found that it can promote healing [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing

et al. 2022

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The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing.

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Nocardia rubra cell‐wall skeleton influences the development of cervical carcinoma by promoting the antitumor effect of macrophages and dendritic cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 46 publications

Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton activates an immune response in cervical tissue via stimulating FPR3 to enhance dendritic cell-mediated Th1 differentiation

Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton activates an immune response in cervical tissue via stimulating FPR3 to enhance dendritic cell-mediated Th1 differentiation

The effect of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride topical powder photodynamic therapy versus nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton and observers group in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions with human papillomavirus infection: A non-randomized study, controlled pilot study

The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing

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