Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway

Dubin, Adrienne E.; Patapoutian, Ardem

doi:10.1172/jci42843

Cited by 1,070 publications

(935 citation statements)

References 148 publications

(155 reference statements)

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“…Nociception is a sensory process that leads to pain triggered by nociceptors, which are primary sensory neurons that respond to thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli (1). There are various major pain theories, including the intensity theory of pain, which postulates that any sensory stimulus with enough intensity can generate pain (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Jiang

Hao

Fang

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Previous clinical trials have suggested that theChinese Tuina massage may exert transient analgesic effects. However, further investigation regarding the underlying mechanism has been hindered by the lack of a suitable animal model of pain. The present study established a rat model of hind leg pain by injecting 5.8% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) into the left gastrocnemius muscle. The effects of various Tuina massages on the pain thresholds of the rats were then measured. In addition, the effects of ipsilateral and contralateral Tuina massages on C-fiber-evoked field potentials following electrical stimulation of the left sciatic nerve were determined. Alterations in the gastrocnemius muscle tissues following various Tuina applications were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin, and desmin staining, as well as malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase assays. Heavy hand pressure transiently reduced the pain sensitivity of both posterior limbs, despite HSS only being injected into the left hind leg. Tuina massage treatments that lasted for 15 min were associated with the best results and an absence of local tissue changes. The results of electrical sciatic nerve stimulation demonstrated that ipsilateral and contralateral Tuina massage may decrease the level of peripheral nociceptive C-fiber activity. In the present study, the Chinese Tuina massage exerted analgesic effects in a rat model of pain, which did not involve tissue damage, following a 15 min massage. Therefore, the rat model of pain used in the present study may provide a novel approach for investigating the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Tuina massage. IntroductionNociception is a sensory process that leads to pain triggered by nociceptors, which are primary sensory neurons that respond to thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli (1). There are various major pain theories, including the intensity theory of pain, which postulates that any sensory stimulus with enough intensity can generate pain (2). The peripheral pattern theory suggests that pain is produced by intense stimulation of all skin fiber endings (3), which contradicts the specificity theory, which proposes that there are numerous types of sensory receptors, with each one responding to a specific type of stimuli (4). All of these theories propose that pain is induced by the hyperstimulation of sensory receptors; however, research has suggested that pain may be associated with other sensory stimuli, such as touch (5).The Chinese Tuina massage is a traditional hand massage, which has previously been associated with pain relief. There are six main styles of physical Tuina therapy, including wobbling, rubbing, vibrating, squeezing, knocking and articular moving. Squeezing involves pressing, pinching, kneading, grasping and rubbing, and is commonly used in Tuina pain treatments (6). Constant softness and penetration under consistent intensities, frequencies and manipulation durations are applied to all styles of Tuina. Clinical practice h...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Jiang

Hao

Fang

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…17,18 Present study compared the anti-nociceptive activity of the four different fractions of Bellamya bengalensis Lam. Assessment of analgesic actions of test fractions were done following thermal pain stimulus like, hot plate and tail immersion as well as chemical mediator of pain like acetic acid induced writhing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment on antinociceptive actions of soluble fractions derived from edible mollusc (Bellamya bengalensis Lam.)

Adhikari

Bhattacharya

Chanda

et al. 2017

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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Background: Bellamya bengalensis, an edible bivalve mollusc is traditionally used in the treatment of joint pain, bone fracture, jaundice and eye infections. Present study was designed to find out the most potent analgesic fractions derived from the body mass of Bellamya bengalensis.Methods: The test specimen was collected, identified and fractionated with solvent medium like, phosphate buffer saline (PB), ethyl acetate (EB), methanol (MB) and chloroform (CB). Protein concentration of each fraction was determined. The antinociceptive activities were measured either by thermal models like, hot plate and tail immersion (central analgesic action) or by chemical model like acetic acid induced writhing (peripheral analgesic action) in mice. Diclofenac sodium was used as analgesic standard.Results: Significant peripheral and central analgesic activity showed by phosphate buffer saline fraction at 100mg/kg, even better than diclofenac standard at 10mg/kg. In hot plate and tail immersion tests, phosphate buffer saline showed the highest activity followed by methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction respectively. However, in case of peripheral analgesic experiment, phosphate buffer fraction exhibited maximum writhing inhibitory properties and that was followed by chloroform, methanol and ethyl acetate fraction respectively.Conclusions: Phosphate buffer saline fraction of Bellamya bengalensis showed maximum potential central and peripheral analgesic activity than any other fractions.

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“…Neuron aferen primer bersinaps dengan neuron aferen sekunder di kornu dorsalis medula spinalis dan diteruskan ke pusat, yaitu korteks serebri dan pusat yang lebih tinggi lainnya, melalui jalur spinotalamikus kontralateral dan spinoretikularis. 7 Impuls tersebut diproses oleh pusat dengan mekanisme yang kompleks menjadi pengalaman nyeri. 8 Pada saat terjadi respons inflamasi, mediator inflamasi, seperti sitokin, bradikinin, dan prostaglandin, dilepaskan pada jaringan yang mengalami kerusakan, akibatnya nyeri nosiseptif dirasakan.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasan Patofisiologiunclassified

Pencegahan nyeri kronis pasca operasi

Suseno¹

2017

MKA

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AbstrakNyeri kronis pasca operasi merupakan salah satu nyeri kronis yang paling sering terjadi. Nyeri kronis tersebut memberikan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan mental, kualitas hidup, dan perekonomian masyarakat. Penyebab dari nyeri kronis pasca operasi belum diketahui secara pasti, tetapi diduga bahwa perubahan plastisitas pada sistem saraf pusat berkontribusi dalam terjadinya nyeri kronis. Pencegahan terjadinya nyeri kronis pasca operasi dapat ditempuh dengan beberapa cara yang bertujuan untuk meminimalisir terjadinya sensitisasi pusat di sistem saraf pusat yang mengakibatkan nyeri kronis. Cara yang ditempuh dalam pencegahan nyeri kronis pasca operasi dengan mempertimbangkan faktor psikososial, pemilihan teknik operasi yang dapat meminimalisir kerusakan saraf perifer, pemilihan teknik anestesi, dan penggunaan preemptive analgesia. Dalam penulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai patofisiologi nyeri kronis pasca operasi, cara yang ditempuh untuk mencegah terjadinya nyeri kronis pasca operasi, dan perlunya mempertimbangkan faktor psikososial selain intervensi farmakologis sebagai bagian dari pendekatan holistik dari penatalaksanaan perioperatif untuk mencegah nyeri kronis pasca operasi. Kata kunci: pencegahan; nyeri kronis; pasca operasi Abstract Chronic pain after surgery is one of the most common chronic pain. This type of pain has negative impact on mental health, quality of life, and the economy. The cause of chronic pain after surgery is not known for certain, but it is thought that the changes in plasticity in

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Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway

Cited by 1,070 publications

References 148 publications

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Assessment on antinociceptive actions of soluble fractions derived from edible mollusc (Bellamya bengalensis Lam.)

Pencegahan nyeri kronis pasca operasi

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