NOD-like receptors in asthma

Abstract

Asthma is an extremely prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the airway where innate and adaptive immune systems participate collectively with epithelial and other structural cells to cause airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus overproduction, airway narrowing, and remodeling. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular innate immune sensors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, well-recognized for their central roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and host defense against bacteria, viruses and fungi. In recent times, NLRs have been increasingly acknowledged as much more than innate sensors and have emerged also as relevant players in diseases classically defined by their adaptive immune responses such as asthma. In this review article, we discuss the current knowledge and recent developments about NLR expression, activation and function in relation to asthma and examine the potential interventions in NLR signaling as asthma immunomodulatory therapies.

Methyl-TWAS: A powerful method forin silicotranscriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) using long-range DNA methylation

“…The top 3 genes were NTRK2, NLRC3, and CST1, all relevant to asthma. NTRK2 (TrkB) NTRK2 expression is increased in the airways of subjects with asthma and may play a role in airway hyper-responsiveness 18 , NLRC3 influences T cell regulation 19 , and CST1 (the most significant DEG for atopic asthma in EVA-PR 20 ) promotes eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma 21 . immunity-related genes versus that of the same number of randomly selected genes using the four methods.…”

NOD2 Signaling Circuitry during Allergen Sensitization Does Not Worsen Experimental Neutrophilic Asthma but Promotes a Th2/Th17 Profile in Asthma Patients but Not Healthy Subjects

“…Among these adjuvants, ligands of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) NOD2 have been widely used. NOD2 senses both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, is mostly expressed by epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DC) and by other immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages [ 14 , 15 ]. NOD2’s main ligand, muramyl di-peptide (MDP), was recognized early as the minimal effective component of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) (inactivated Mycobacteria in a water-in-oil emulsion), which is characterized as a general immunostimulant [ 16 , 17 ], eliciting both humoral and cellular responses [ 18 , 19 ].…”