Noise in NbTiN, Al, and Ta Superconducting Resonators on Silicon and Sapphire Substrates

Barends, R.; Hortensius, H. L.; Zijlstra, T.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Yates, S. J. C.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.

doi:10.1109/tasc.2009.2018086

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1b, has a wide section over 75% of the MKID length (linewidth = 20 µm, gapwidth = 20 µm) and a narrow section for 25% of the MKID length (linewidth = gapwidth = 2 µm). The wide NbTiN section near the coupler strongly reduces two-level system (TLS) noise from the device itself due to both the favourable properties of NbTiN and the large width of the CPW (Gao et al 2007(Gao et al , 2008aBarends et al 2009). The narrow section of the MKID is connected to the feed of a twin-slot antenna as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Detector Array Design and Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Baselmans

Bueno

Yates

et al. 2017

A&A

113

124

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Aims. Future astrophysics and cosmic microwave background space missions operating in the far-infrared to millimetre part of the spectrum will require very large arrays of ultra-sensitive detectors in combination with high multiplexing factors and efficient lownoise and low-power readout systems. We have developed a demonstrator system suitable for such applications. Methods. The system combines a 961 pixel imaging array based upon Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) with a readout system capable of reading out all pixels simultaneously with only one readout cable pair and a single cryogenic amplifier. We evaluate, in a representative environment, the system performance in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, optical efficiency, cosmic ray rejection, pixel-pixel crosstalk and overall yield at an observation centre frequency of 850 GHz and 20% fractional bandwidth. Results. The overall system has an excellent sensitivity, with an average detector sensitivity NEP det = 3 × 10 −19 W/ √ Hz measured using a thermal calibration source. At a loading power per pixel of 50 fW we demonstrate white, photon noise limited detector noise down to 300 mHz. The dynamic range would allow the detection of ∼1 Jy bright sources within the field of view without tuning the readout of the detectors. The expected dead time due to cosmic ray interactions, when operated in an L2 or a similar far-Earth orbit, is found to be <4%. Additionally, the achieved pixel yield is 83% and the crosstalk between the pixels is <−30 dB. Conclusions. This demonstrates that MKID technology can provide multiplexing ratios on the order of a 1000 with state-of-the-art single pixel performance, and that the technology is now mature enough to be considered for future space based observatories and experiments.

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Section: Detector Array Design and Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Baselmans

Bueno

Yates

et al. 2017

A&A

113

124

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“…In fact, when using phase readout, excess noise is seen, which scales inversely with the square root of power. 2,3 This noise is often attributed to two-level systems, originating from the refractive index of the substrate or native oxide, fluctuating as a consequence of the movement of uncoordinated, lightly bound, atoms. Amplitude readout is sometimes used to minimize this problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Readout-power heating and hysteretic switching between thermal quasiparticle states in kinetic inductance detectors

Visser

Withington

Goldie

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

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A model is presented for readout-power heating in kinetic inductance detectors. It is shown that the power dissipated by the readout signal can cause the temperature of the quasiparticle system in the superconducting resonator to switch between well-defined states. At low readout powers, only a single solution to the heat balance equation exists, and the resonance curve merely distorts as the readout power is increased. At high readout powers, three states exist, two of which are stable, and the resonance curve shows hysteretic switching. The power threshold for switching depends on the geometry and material used but is typically around Ϫ70 dBm for Aluminum resonators. A comprehensive set of simulations is reported, and a detailed account of the switching process is given. Experimental results are also shown, which are in strong qualitative agreement with the simulations. The general features of the model are independent of the precise cooling function, and are even applicable for resonators on suspended, thermally isolated, dielectric membranes, where an increase in quasiparticle lifetime is expected. We discuss various extensions to the technique, including the possibility of recovering the cooling function from large-signal measurements of the resonance curve.

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“…19 The NbTiN-Al hybrid KID, due to the reduction in KID internal two level systems (TLS) noise 21 by the use of NbTiN, 22 allows multiplexing of thousands of KIDs with phase readout. 4 The all-aluminium antenna concept is used because a NbTiN ground plane would result in very significant signal loss in the antenna ground plane at frequencies above the NbTiN superconducting gap ($1.1 THz for a T c of $15 K).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Full characterisation of a background limited antenna coupled KID over an octave of bandwidth for THz radiation

Bueno

Yurduseven

Yates

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We present the design, fabrication, and full characterisation (sensitivity, beam pattern, and frequency response) of a background limited broadband antenna coupled kinetic inductance detector covering the frequency range from 1.4 to 2.8 THz. This device shows photon noise limited performance with a noise equivalent power of 2.5 × 10−19 W/Hz1∕2 at 1.55 THz and can be easily scaled to a kilo-pixel array. The measured optical efficiency, beam pattern, and antenna frequency response match very well the simulations.

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Noise in NbTiN, Al, and Ta Superconducting Resonators on Silicon and Sapphire Substrates

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors

A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Readout-power heating and hysteretic switching between thermal quasiparticle states in kinetic inductance detectors

Full characterisation of a background limited antenna coupled KID over an octave of bandwidth for THz radiation

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