Noise Sources and Requirements for Confocal Raman Spectrometers in Biosensor Applications

Jahn, Martin; Grjasnow, Alexej; John, H.-J.; Weber, Karina; Popp, Jürgen; Hauswald, Walter

doi:10.3390/s21155067

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To minimize the latter, the process of RS scanning could be automated ( Lopez-Reyes and Rull Pérez, 2017 ; O’dwyer et al., 2021 ). Second, as with many biological materials, the Raman spectra collected from the blood were relatively noisy, most likely due to such factors as fluorescence and chemical complexity of biological samples ( Lin et al., 2012 ; Leon Bejarano et al., 2017 ; Barton and Hennelly, 2018 ; Jahn et al., 2021 ). Although the inter-scanner variability and noise were reduced through the averaging of spectra, the issue still persisted in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic approach for Lyme disease patients

Goff

Dou²,

Higgins³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Lyme disease (LD), the leading tick-borne disease in the Northern hemisphere, is caused by spirochetes of several genospecies of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex. LD is a multi-systemic and highly debilitating illness that is notoriously challenging to diagnose. The main drawbacks of the two-tiered serology, the only approved diagnostic test in the United States, include poor sensitivity, background seropositivity, and cross-reactivity. Recently, Raman spectroscopy (RS) was examined for its LD diagnostic utility by our earlier proof-of-concept study. The previous investigation analyzed the blood from mice that were infected with 297 and B31 strains of Borreliella burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). The selected strains represented two out of the three major clades of B. burgdorferi s.s. isolates found in the United States. The obtained results were encouraging and prompted us to further investigate the RS diagnostic capacity for LD in this study. The present investigation has analyzed blood of mice infected with European genospecies, Borreliella afzelii or Borreliella garinii, or B. burgdorferi N40, a strain of the third major class of B. burgdorferi s.s. in the United States. Moreover, 90 human serum samples that originated from LD-confirmed, LD-negative, and LD-probable human patients were also analyzed by RS. The overall results demonstrated that blood samples from Borreliella-infected mice were identified with 96% accuracy, 94% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Furthermore, human blood samples were analyzed with 88% accuracy, 85% sensitivity, and 90% specificity. Together, the current data indicate that RS should be further explored as a potential diagnostic test for LD patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic approach for Lyme disease patients

Goff

Dou²,

Higgins³

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…These noises can be reduced by optimizing the Raman system's components, specifically the detector's quantum efficiency, and further sampling the signals by an analog-digital converter 182 . Decreasing the detector's temperature also helps reduce the thermal noise to a great extent 183 . Several data processing techniques, along with software-based denoising techniques which use advanced chemometric methods and machine learning algorithms, can reduce these noises to a great extent 184 .…”

Section: Mitigating the Challenges Of The Use Of Raman And Sers In Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of Raman Spectroscopy as a Probing Tool for Theranostics

Singh¹,

Yadav²,

Dhillon³

et al. 2023

Nanotheranostics

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Although medical advances have increased our grasp of the amazing morphological, genetic, and phenotypic diversity of diseases, there are still significant technological barriers to understanding their complex and dynamic character. Specifically, the complexities of the biological systems throw a diverse set of challenges in developing efficient theranostic tools and methodologies that can probe and treat pathologies. Among several emerging theranostic techniques such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is emerging as a promising tool that is a label-free, cost-effective, and non-destructive technique. It can also provide real-time diagnostic information and can employ multimodal probes for detection and therapy. These attributes make it a perfect candidate for the analytical counterpart of the existing theranostic probes. The use of biocompatible nanomaterials for the fabrication of Raman probes provides rich structural information about the biological molecules, cells, and tissues and highly sensitive information down to single-molecule levels when integrated with advanced RS tools. This review discusses the fundamentals of Raman spectroscopic tools such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Resonance Raman spectroscopy, their variants, and the associated theranostic applications. Besides the advantages, the current limitations, and future challenges of using RS in disease diagnosis and therapy have also been discussed.

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“…Thorough noise removal can lead to significantly improved classification results. 20,49 Another challenge is the variations in SERS intensity produced because of nonuniform enhancement by the substrate. These variations can affect data classification, and therefore, normalization of the spectra may be applied.…”

Section: ■ Spectral Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Label-Free Sensing with Metal Nanostructure-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Cancer Diagnosis

Constantinou

Hadjigeorgiou

Abalde‐Cela

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique for the detection of small analytes with great potential for medical diagnostic applications. Its high sensitivity and excellent molecular specificity, which stems from the unique fingerprint of molecular species, have been applied toward the detection of different types of cancer. The noninvasive and rapid detection offered by SERS highlights its applicability for point-of-care (PoC) deployment for cancer diagnosis, screening, and staging, as well as for predicting tumor recurrence and treatment monitoring. This review provides an overview of the progress in label-free (direct) SERS-based chemical detection for cancer diagnosis with the main focus on the advances in the design and preparation of SERS substrates on the basis of metal nanoparticle structures formed via bottom-up strategies. It begins by introducing a synopsis of the working principles of SERS, including key chemometric approaches for spectroscopic data analysis. Then it introduces the advances of label-free sensing with SERS in cancer diagnosis using biofluids (blood, urine, saliva, sweat) and breath as the detection media. In the end, an outlook of the advances and challenges in cancer diagnosis via SERS is provided.

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Noise Sources and Requirements for Confocal Raman Spectrometers in Biosensor Applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Testing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic approach for Lyme disease patients

Testing Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic approach for Lyme disease patients

Emergence of Raman Spectroscopy as a Probing Tool for Theranostics

Label-Free Sensing with Metal Nanostructure-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Cancer Diagnosis

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