Noisomes: as novel vesicular drug delivery system

Abstract

Target-specific drug-delivery systems for the administration of pharmaceutical compounds enable the localization of drugs to target sites within the body. The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Niosome are microscopic non-ionic surfactant bilayer vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or their lipids. The amphiphilic nature of niosomes promotes their efficiency in encapsulating lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs. Noisome are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic, more stable, inexpensive, biodegradable, biocompatible, non immunogenic and exhibit flexibility in their structural characterization. Various additives in niosomes include nonionic surfactant as film forming agent, cholesterol as stabilizing and rigidizing agent for the bilayer and various charge inducers which develop a charge on the surface of niosomes and stabilize the prepared formulation by the resulting repulsive forces. Niosomes have been widely evaluated for controlled release and targeted delivery for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, microbial diseases, psoriasis, leishmaniasis, migraine, parkinson and other diseases. Niosomes can prolong the circulation of the entrapped drug in body. Encapsulation of drug in vesicular system can be predicted to prolong the existence of drug in the systemic circulation and enhance penetration into target tissue, perhaps reduce toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. In addition to conventional, oral and parenteral routes, they are amenable to be delivered by ocular, transdermal, vaginal and inhalation routes. Delivery of biotechnological products including vaccine delivery with niosomes is also an interesting and promising research area. More concerted research efforts, however, are still required to realize the full potential of these novel systems. This review article focuses on the concept of niosomes, advantages and disadvantages, composition, method of preparation, separation of unentrapped drug, factors influencing the niosomal formulation and characterization, marketed formulations of niosomes and also gives up to date information regarding recent applications of niosomes in drug delivery.
 Keyword: Drug-delivery system, Niosomes,

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“…Span 60 is nonionic surfactant, whereas cholesterol acts as an additive agent which can promote self-assembly into niosomes 14 . In addition, cholesterol can be used to provide rigidity and proper shape and good physical stability of niosome vesicles 15,16 . The percentage of encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of niosomes was evaluated Table 2.…”

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer

“…This type of niosome has a high aqueous/lipid section ratio, allowing for the extremely efficient use of membrane lipids to encapsulate greater quantities of bioactive compounds. 69 Typically, reverse-phase evaporation and ether injection techniques are used to produce these vesicles. LUVs are more advantageous than MLVs due to their predictable drug release rates, ability to encapsulate more water- soluble medications, and use of fewer lipids.…”

Formulation and Characterization of Novel Non-Ionic Surfactant Based Aceclofenac Gel as a Potential Drug Delivery System

“…An attractive feature of utilizing nanoparticles (liposomes/niosomes) for ocular drug delivery system is that it can be easily administered in liquid dosage forms, with patient's compliance, with modulated drug release profile and high drug pay load [8 Liposomes and niosomes (vesicular drug delivery system) are microscopic phospholipids bilayer vesicles made up of natural phospholipids and cholesterol membrane i.e. biocompatible lipid core and an amphiphillic surfactant as outer shell [12,13]. These act as drug carriers due to their biocompatibility and versatility.…”