Noisy environments: untangling the role of anthropogenic noise on bird species richness in a Neotropical city

Abstract

Background Among urban stimuli, anthropogenic noise has been identified to be one of the behavioral drivers of species that rely on acoustic signals for communication. Studies have shown both species-specific and assemblage responses to urban noise, ranging from the modulation of their acoustic frequencies and spatiotemporal adjustments to declines in species richness. In this study, we assessed the citywide relationship between two anthropogenic noise variables (noise levels recorded during bird surveys and daily average noise levels) and vegetation cover with bird species richness. Methods This study was conducted in the city of Xalapa (Mexico) through a 114 citywide point-count survey. We recorded bird communities at each sampling site. We measured noise levels using a sound level meter while performing point-counts. Then, we generated a map of average daily noise of the city using an array of 61 autonomous recording units distributed across the city of Xalapa and calculated daily noise levels for the 114 points. We ran a linear model (LM) to assess potential relationships between both point-count and daily (24 h) noise values and vegetation cover with bird richness. Results Results from the LM show: (1) a negative relationship between maximum point-count noise and avian species richness, (2) no relationship between 24 h noise and bird species richness, and (3) a positive relationship between vegetation cover and bird species richness. Conclusions Results provide evidence that decreases in urban bird species richness do not necessarily imply the permanent absence of species, suggesting that birds can temporarily fly away from or avoid sites when noisy, become cryptic while noisy events are occurring, or be undetected due to our inability to record them in the field during noisy events.

How chronic anthropogenic noise can affect wildlife communities

“…One of the direct influences of noise is avoidance behavior; many species will temporarily (Slotte et al, 2004;McClure et al, 2013;Ware et al, 2015;Bunkley et al, 2017;Carral-Murrieta et al, 2020) or permanently (Nicholson et al, 1992;Pearson et al, 1992;Morton and Symonds, 2002;Francis et al, 2009;Thompson et al, 2010;Herrera-Montes and Aide, 2011;Ciach and Fröhlich, 2017) avoid noisy areas. A variety of migrating bird species, for example, avoided stopping over in noisy areas, even though they used the same areas under quieter conditions (McClure et al, 2013;Ware et al, 2015), while many insects demonstrate reduced abundance in noisy areas (Bunkley et al, 2017).…”

Urban Noise and Surrounding City Morphology Influence Green Space Occupancy by Native Birds in a Mediterranean-type South American Metropolis

“…To capture the morning chorus, the point of maximum biophony activity [29] , we conducted bird surveys within four hours from sunrise. We altered the order of bird surveys each month so as to never sample a green space at the same time, to account for varying noise levels throughout the morning, which in turn could alter the bird species present during a survey [7] .…”

Bird species occupancy trends in Southeast Mexico over 1900–2020: Accounting for sighting record absences

“…deforestation, resource extraction and transportation and housing development) and passive (e.g. road effects, urban noise and predation by domestic animals) human activities (Blickley & Patricelli, 2010; Carral‐Murrieta et al, 2020; Williams et al, 2020). These effects may shape bird biodiversity over time through local bird species extirpation, colonization and population‐level change of susceptible bird groups (Bull et al, 2014; Dornelas et al, 2014; Sodhi et al, 2004).…”