Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood

Abstract

Monocytes and cells of the dendritic cell lineage circulate in blood and eventually migrate into tissue where they further mature and serve various functions, most notably in immune defense. Over recent years these cells have been characterized in detail with the use of cell surface markers and flow cytometry, and subpopulations have been described. The present document proposes a nomenclature for these cells and defines 3 types of monocytes (classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes) and 3 types of dendritic cells (plasmacytoid and 2 types of myeloid dendritic cells) in human and in mouse blood. This classification has been approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies, and we are convinced that it will facilitate communication among experts and in the wider scientific community.

Human CD8+ T cells drive Th1 responses through the differentiation of TNF/iNOS‐producing dendritic cells

“…Since Tip-DCs in mice have been shown to arise from Ly6C hi CCR2 1 monocytes [3,33], it is likely that TipDCs seen in our model arise mainly from the classical subset, especially since this population represents 90% of total blood monocytes. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out that the non-classical subset may also give rise to Tip-DCs since this subset has been proposed to mature from the classical subset and can express high levels of TNF-a and MHC class II [31]. Hence, this area remains to be explored.…”

“…In humans, monocytes can be subdivided into classical (CD14 11 CD16 À ), intermediate (CD14 11 CD16 1 ) and non classical (CD14 1 CD16 11 ) subsets and are important precursors of inflammatory DCs [31]. Recent transcriptional profiling have provided evidence Figure 5.…”

“…These discrepancies could be attributed to differences in experimental models and the fact that IFN-g is not the only factor involved in Tip-DC differentiation, as monocytes differentiated with saturating levels of IFN-g were still insufficient to generate viable DCs that can prime and express as high levels of TNF-a and iNOS as Tip-DCs. Hence, we feel that other factors in the CD8-DC supernatants, such as IL-12p40 homodimer, GM-CSF and TNF-a, may act in concert with IFN-g to induce the differentiation of Tip-DCs.In humans, monocytes can be subdivided into classical (CD14 11 CD16 À ), intermediate (CD14 11 CD16 1 ) and non classical (CD14 1 CD16 11 ) subsets and are important precursors of inflammatory DCs [31]. Recent transcriptional profiling have provided evidence Figure 5.…”

Monocytes and Macrophages in Cancer: Development and Functions

“…1) [12,16]. These bone marrow-derived monocytes have lost their proliferative potential and can be sub-divided by expression of chemokine receptors and additional cell surface markers into "classical" Ly6C high and "non-classical" Ly6C low monocytes [11,17]. However, the two subsets can also be distinguished by functions such as the patrolling behavior found in Ly6 low but not Ly6C high monocytes [18].…”

The equivalents of human blood and spleen dendritic cell subtypes can be generated in vitro from human CD34+ stem cells in the presence of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand and thrombopoietin

“…12 A fourth subset that is CD16 1 has been suggested to be a subset of both DC 12 and monocytes, 13 but is now considered to be a monocyte in a recent reclassification of the monocyte and DC subsets in human blood. 14 The CD141 1 DCs have been suggested to be equivalent to the mouse CD8 1 DCs sharing a similar transcriptional signature 15 and expression of Necl2, CLEC9A and XCR1. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Furthermore, the CD141 1 DCs have been shown to produce IL-12p70 and cross-present antigen, [20][21][22][23] both characteristics of the mouse CD8 1 DC subset.…”