“…One is to assume that goods purchases require time resources, as initially described by McCallum and Goodfriend (1987), and more recently used in Chadha, Haldane and Janssen (1998), Pakko (1998) and De Fiore and Teles (2003). The other alternative, which is taken in this paper, is to assume that transaction costs require output usages from the household budget constraint, as in Feenstra (1986), Sims (1994), McCallum (2000) and Lai, Chen and Shaw (2005). In any case, real money holdings should be included in the transactions technology reflecting the advantages of possessing the medium of exchange when conducting transactions.…”