Nomograms for prediction of body density and total body fat from skinfold measurements.

Sloan, A. W.; Weir, J. B. de V.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1970.28.2.221

Cited by 67 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…For participants in these sports, a higher percentage of adipose tissue might be considered an energy reserve and consequently a positive factor for performance. 3 As far as motocross is concerned, the duration of the competition and the frequent changes of direction and speed due to the characteristics of the circuit require constant involvement of all the muscle groups in the body. 4-7 Therefore, both aerobic and lactic acid metabolism is involved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists

Gobbi

2005

Br J Sports Med

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Objectives:The study aims to analyse the physiological characteristics of top level off-road motocross, enduro, and desert rally motorcyclists to facilitate the design of a specific training program.Methods:Twenty seven off-road top level riders participated in this study which measured anthropometric data, maximum aerobic power with incremental tests of both arms and legs, isokinetic dynamometry of the knee and elbow, handgrip strength, heart rate, and blood lactate concentrations during competition.Results:The physical demands of the various races appear to influence the development of distinct musculoskeletal characteristics, as well as aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Motocross riders have more muscle mass, higher isokinetic handgrip strength, and greater aerobic power than enduro and desert rally riders. However, there are no significant anthropometric and physiological differences between desert rally and enduro riders. Desert rally riders tend to be overweight with maximum aerobic power similar to that of healthy individuals. The mechanical characteristics of the motorcycle and the technical and tactical skills of the riders seem to be more important for race success than the metabolic capabilities of the rider.Conclusions:Desert rally and enduro riders present similar anthropometric and physiological characteristics. Both have a maximum aerobic power similar to that of healthy normal individuals, although desert rally riders tend to be overweight. Motocross riders on the other hand, have more muscle mass, more strength, and greater aerobic power. The differences observed suggest the need for a specific training program to address the requirements of different riders to reduce the possibility of injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists

Gobbi

2005

Br J Sports Med

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“…All participating sailors were measured for standing height, body mass, eight skinfolds, five muscle girths, and two bone breadths using ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry) protocols for a restricted profile (Norton and Olds, 1996). Lean muscle mass was calculated using the methods of Sloan and Weir (1970). Grinding testing protocols.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

External work and peak power are reliable measures of ergometer grinding performance when tested under load, deck heel, and grinding direction conditions

Pearson

Hume

Slyfield

et al. 2007

Sports Biomechanics

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The reliability of grinding performance was assessed in 18 current Emirates Team New Zealand America's Cup sailors in two test sessions separated by 5 h using a custom-built ergometer. Sixteen different grinding conditions that varied by load (Light 39 N x m, Moderate 48 N x m, Heavy 68 N x m), deck heel (Flat 0 degrees control, Downhill 25 degrees, Uphill 25 degrees, Right 25 degrees, Left 25 degrees), and grinding direction (forwards, backwards) were assessed using peak power and external work over 5 s during maximal-effort 8-s grinds. Reliability statistics included the difference in mean (M(diff)), standard error of measurement (SEM), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). External work (SEM = 1.6-6.9%; ICC = 0.91-0.99) was a more consistent performance measure than peak power (SEM = 1.3-9.6%; ICC = 0.84-0.99) across all test conditions. Testing under different load conditions resulted in external work SEMs of 1.6-3.9% with performance more reliable in lighter load conditions. Grinding performance during different heel conditions was less reliable (external work SEMs = 4.6-6.9%). Grinding direction (forward or backward) did not appear to affect performance reliability, although external work was 10-15% higher in forward grinding. Reliability is acceptable across various loads, but testing under different heel conditions may need some protocol development to allow the detection of smaller differences in performance.

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“…Typically FM changes are estimated using equations with body weight, SFT and often circumference measures. Although several equations to estimate FM using anthropometric measurements have been developed in non-pregnant women, 28–31 these equations overestimate fat changes in pregnancy when compared with estimates from a four-compartment model. 22 Paxton et al 22 developed and validated equations for estimating fat change from 14 to 37 weeks of gestation and an equation to predict FM at 37 weeks 22 (Table 2).…”

Section: Techniques For Measuring Maternal Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition changes in pregnancy: measurement, predictors and outcomes

2014

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen in the United States over the past few decades. Concurrent with this rise in obesity has been an increase in pregravid body mass index and gestational weight gain affecting maternal body composition changes in pregnancy. During pregnancy, many of the assumptions inherent in body composition estimation are violated, particularly the hydration of fat-free mass, and available methods are unable to disentangle maternal composition from fetus and supporting tissues; therefore, estimates of maternal body composition during pregnancy are prone to error. Here we review commonly used and available methods for assessing body composition changes in pregnancy, including: (1) anthropometry, (2) total body water, (3) densitometry, (4) imaging, (5) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, (6) bioelectrical impedance and (7) ultrasound. Several of these methods can measure regional changes in adipose tissue; however, most of these methods provide only whole-body estimates of fat and fat-free mass. Consideration is given to factors that may influence changes in maternal body composition, as well as long-term maternal and offspring outcomes. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research in this area.

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Nomograms for prediction of body density and total body fat from skinfold measurements.

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists

Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists

External work and peak power are reliable measures of ergometer grinding performance when tested under load, deck heel, and grinding direction conditions

Body composition changes in pregnancy: measurement, predictors and outcomes

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