Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: a review and case study

Assessment of groundwater contamination in an agricultural peri-urban area (NW Portugal): an integrated approach

“…Hence, groundwater vulnerability to contamination is an intrinsic relative, non-measurable, dimensionless property of a groundwater system that depends on its sensitivity to human and/or natural impacts (e.g. , Foster 1990;Vrba and Zap-orozec 1994;Vrba and Lipponen 2007 Teixeira and Medeiros 1965;Pereira et al 1989;Chamine´ et al 2003; hydrogeological framework adapted from Pedrosa 1999; Afonso et al 2004;Afonso 2011). Study sites (Sectors 1, 2 and 3) are shown in the lower right corner of the figure Estat´ıstica 2011).…”

Water quality, sources of nitrate, and chemical loadings in the Geronimo Creek and Plum Creek watersheds, south-central Texas, April 2015–March 2016

“…Although the amount of human waste leaching into streams as groundwater inflows from septic systems was not examined in this study, Wakida and Lerner (2005) estimated a loss of approximately 9.5 kilograms (about 21 pounds) of nitrate per home per year to account for human waste leaching into the groundwater system. If this value is used for the approximately 2,300 septic systems in the Geronimo Creek watershed, then the estimated load from septic systems to shallow groundwater would be about 24 tons per year (ton/yr), which is about two orders of magnitude less than estimated fertilizer application rates.…”

“…An estimated 5,900 permitted septic systems were installed from 1978 through May 2017 in Caldwell County, which makes up a large part of the Plum Creek watershed (Kasi Miles, Director of Sanitation, Caldwell County, Texas, written commun., 2017). Using the estimated loss of 9.5 kilograms (about 21 pounds) of nitrate per home per year proposed by Wakida and Lerner (2005), the estimated nitrate input into the groundwater system associated with the 5,900 septic systems in Caldwell County is approximately 62 ton/yr of nitrate. The density of the septic systems in the Plum Creek watershed was estimated to be about 42 acres per septic system on the basis of a total acreage of 248,855 acres (table 2), or approximately one-half the density of septic systems estimated in the Geronimo Creek watershed.…”

Investigation of Portable Groundwater Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Trace Metals in Flood Affected Areas of District Rajanpur, Pakistan

“…Physicochemical and microbiological investigation of drinking water quality and possible health risks assessment have been carried out through a number of other studies which revealed that most of water samples have chemical and/or microbiological contamination and are unsuitable for human consumption as found in Pakistan [9][10][11], Cambodia [12], Ghana [13] and Bangladesh [14]. In view of above mentioned scenario and importance of drinking water quality, present study was designed to evaluate physicochemical and microbiological status of drinking water in flood affected rural areas of district Rajanpur, Pakistan.…”