Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Immunological mechanisms and current treatments

Abstract

The robotic liver resection (RLR) has been increasingly applied in recent years and its benefits shown in some aspects owing to the technical advancement of robotic surgical system, however, controversies still exist. Based on the foundation of the previous consensus statement, this new consensus document aimed to update clinical recommendations and provide guidance to improve the outcomes of RLR clinical practice. The guideline steering group and guideline expert group were formed by 29 international experts of liver surgery and evidence-based medicine (EBM). Relevant literature was reviewed and analyzed by the evidence evaluation group. According to the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, the Guidance Principles of Development and Amendment of the Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in China 2022, a total of 14 recommendations were generated. Among them were 8 recommendations formulated by the GRADE method, and the remaining 6 recommendations were formulated based on literature review and experts’ opinion due to insufficient EBM results. This international experts consensus guideline offered guidance for the safe and effective clinical practice and the research direction of RLR in future.

Unveiling the mitophagy puzzle in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Six hub genes for early diagnosis and immune modulatory roles

“…GSVA analysis revealed distinct biological behavior characteristics between the high-risk and low-risk groups. In the pathogenesis of NAFLD, various immune cell types play distinct roles in liver inflammation and disease progression [ 11 ]. Kupffer cells, as liver-resident macrophages, initiate defense against pathogens and toxins by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β.…”

“…The intricate interplay between hepatic cells and the immune system constitutes a crucial pathway in the onset and progression of NAFLD. In NAFLD, the activation of immune cells can instigate inflammation and liver damage [ 11 ]. Mitophagy, pivotal in governing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and maintaining the homeostasis and differentiation of immune cells, is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of immune and inflammatory disorders [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Investigating peripheral blood monocyte and T-cell subsets as non-invasive biomarkers for asymptomatic hepatic steatosis: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

“…Accumulating evidence has implicated roles of monocytes and lymphocytes in hepatic steatosis and the progression to MASH ( 9 , 10 , 36 , 37 ). In animal models of diet-induced fatty liver disease, monocytes, Th1, and Th17 cells are recruited to the liver ( 11 , 12 , 38 – 40 ).…”

Τ cell-mediated adaptive immunity in the transition from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma

“…While MASLD is primarily associated with metabolic dysfunction, the progression to advanced disease stages, including steatohepatitis and liver cancer, is significantly influenced by the immune processes within the liver ( Peiseler et al, 2022 ). Although the innate immune responses retain a crucial role throughout MASH pathophysiology, increasing evidence pinpoints adaptive immunity as a major contributor to HCC development ( Sutti and Albano, 2020 ; Hirsova et al, 2021 ; Ramadori et al, 2022 ; Petagine et al, 2023 ).…”