Inorganic
ion exchangers offer advantages whenever operation at high temperatures
or in oxidizing environments is required. A novel two-dimensional
disodium zirconium phosphate, Zr(NaPO4)2·H2O, was reported and investigated as an ion exchanger for heavy
metals. The material was synthesized by a novel minimalistic solventless
approach, and its solid-state structure was determined from powder
X-ray diffraction data. Zr(NaPO4)2·H2O crystallizes in the space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 8.7584(1) Å, b = 5.3543(1) Å, c = 18.1684(3) Å, β = 109.053 (1)°, and Z = 4. Its layered structure is similar to that of α-zirconium
phosphate, Zr(HPO4)2·H2O. However,
unlike α-zirconium phosphate which is limited in practical applications
by its narrow interlayer spacing (d = 7.6 Å),
the disodium zirconium phosphate has a larger spacing of 8.6 Å
between planes. The material with inherent structural advantages displays
excellent sorption for heavy metals such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Tl+, maintaining its high
selectivity with distribution coefficients, K
d, of 104–105 mL/g even in the
presence of a large excess of Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, which are commonly present in underground
water. In particular, the maximum sorption capacity for the highly
toxic Tl+ is a record high, 5.07 mmol/g (1036 mg/g). The
fast reaction kinetics indicate that the exchangeable positions in
Zr(NaPO4)2·H2O are readily accessible,
in contrast to Zr(HPO4)2·H2O.
The ease of preparation, benign nature, and advantageous ion-exchange
properties make Zr(NaPO4)2·H2O a highly promising sorbent for the treatment of water polluted
with heavy metals.