“…10 For example, a negative association between the ERC and NAS fees indicates that investors perceive that purchasing additional NAS weakens the quality of earnings. Several prior studies find such a negative association (Francis & Ke, 2006;Frankel, Johnson, & Nelson, 2002;Gul, Tsui, & Dhaliwal, 2006;Krishnan, Sami, & Zhang, 2005;Lim & Tan, 2008), but other studies only find that ERC and NAS are negatively associated under restrictive conditions (Eilifsen & Knivsflå, 2013;Higgs & Skantz, 2006) To test our hypotheses, we use earnings-response regressions based on the annual returns-earnings relation 11 (Campa & Donnelly, 2016;Eilifsen & Knivsflå, 2013;Fan, Chen, & Jung, 2010;Ghosh et al, 2009;Gul et al, 2006;Holland & Lane, 2012;Lai & Krishnan, 2009). This is the first capital market study in the German environment on the effect of NAS and its components on investors' perceptions of earnings quality.…”