“…Most benthic sampling methods use nets with a mesh size fine enough to collect small larvae (Storey and Pinder, 1985;Hudson and Adams, 1998). On the other hand, many studies have used surface floating pupal exuviae methods or chironomid pupal exuvial techniques to effectively assess the biological condition of aquatic habitats using community metrics (e.g., richness, composition, diversity indices, biotic indices) to assess the condition of lotic habitats (e.g., Cranston et al, 1997;Bitušík and Hamerlík, 2001;Hayford and Ferrington, 2005;Rieradevall, 2007;Raunio et al, 2011), resulting in a higher number of taxa. In the Dicle (Tigris) River Basin, drifting material contained numerous pupal exuviae from Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, and we identified 10 taxa using pupal exuviae material exclusively.…”