Non-carnivorous feeding in Arctic chaetognaths

Grigor, Jordan; Schmid, Moritz S.; Caouette, Marianne; St.-Onge, Vicky; Brown, Thomas A.

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102388

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Furthermore, the vertical resolution of conventional zooplankton samplers is insufficient to resolve small differences in vertical offsets of mesozooplankton and their potential prey (Möller et al 2012). Improved understanding of whether mesozooplankton are preferentially associated with a particular prey source will accelerate our ability to quantify trophic transfer rates (Greer 2013; Greer and Woodson 2016; Briseño‐Avena 2015; Briseño‐Avena et al 2020; Greer et al 2020), the fate of marine snow (Möller et al 2012; Biard and Ohman 2020), and mesozooplankton survival. Therefore, we pose the question: of potential food sources, are the vertical distributions of suspension‐feeding and flux‐feeding mesozooplankton better associated with Chl a , small particles (ECD: 0.25–0.45 mm), or marine snow (ECD ≥ 0.45 mm)?…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Incubations have confirmed that hyperiid amphipods ( Themisto compressa ), copepods ( Calanus pacificus ), and euphausiids ( Euphausia pacifica ), among others, all consume marine snow (Lampitt et al 1993; Dilling et al 1998). Recent gut content analysis in the Beaufort Sea has revealed that the traditionally considered carnivorous chaetognath Eukrohnia hamata could be consuming marine snow and diatoms (Grigor et al 2020). Euphausiids can both consume marine snow, repackaging it into fecal pellets that sink rapidly out of the euphotic zone, and can fragment large aggregates of marine snow into smaller, slower‐sinking particles that have longer residence times in surface waters (Dilling and Alldredge 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Zooglider‐measured association of zooplankton with the fine‐scale vertical prey field

Whitmore

Ohman

2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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We use Zooglider, a low‐power optical zooplankton‐sensing glider, to test the covariability of the fine‐scale vertical distributions of six omnivorous zooplankton taxa with three different representations of their potential prey field: small suspended particles (equivalent circular diameter [ECD] between 0.25 and 0.45 mm), marine snow (ECD ≥ 0.45 mm), and chlorophyll a (Chl a), in the San Diego Trough. All three prey fields tend to be highly correlated from 100 m to the depth of the subsurface Chl a maximum layer (SCML), while correlations between the prey fields are weaker or nonexistent from the SCML to the surface. An index of spatial overlap (Local Index of Collocation) showed stronger overlap of zooplankton with marine snow or small particles than with Chl a in most cases. Moreover, generalized additive models revealed marine snow distributions or small particles as the primary explanatory variable, by percent deviance explained, for all zooplankton taxa tested. Chl a distributions were a secondary explanatory variable for four of the six taxa tested (small copepods, appendicularia‐Fritillaria, and both night and day large copepods), and an insignificant explanatory variable for the remaining two (appendicularia‐others and large protists). The distributions of suspended particles, during our year‐round study in the San Diego Trough, were more informative for explaining distributions of omnivorous zooplankton than Chl a alone.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Zooglider‐measured association of zooplankton with the fine‐scale vertical prey field

Whitmore

Ohman

2021

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Other species such as thread sail filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer and silver pomfret P. argenteus also consumed large amounts of jellyfish as food [71,72]. Previous studies also found that chaeognaths can directly feed on detritus or take in particle organic matters when gulping water [26,27]. Moreover, more unidentified food (usually classed as detritus) in juvenile chaetognath gut was observed when they reach a high abundance [33], so the small jellyfish detected in the gut here might have also originated from detritus containing body remains of jellyfish, considering the high abundance of juveniles chaetognath in our sampling station [40].…”

Section: Small Jellyfish As Supplementary Food Sources For Juvenile Chaetognaths In Autumnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, non-copepod prey such as tintinnids and rotifers were reported to be important in the diets of juvenile chaetognaths in the South Atlantic Bight when they reach a high abundance to obtain sufficient energy [11,23,24]. Moreover, several studies suggest that chaetognaths can feed on detritus (or marine snow) when high population abundance occurred [25][26][27][28]. Therefore, exact dietary analysis of chaetognaths, especially juveniles, is essential to understand their food source sustaining such high abundance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Jellyfish as a Supplementary Autumnal Food Source for Juvenile Chaetognaths in Sanya Bay, China

Wang

Guo

et al. 2020

JMSE

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Information on the in situ diet of juvenile chaetognaths is critical for understanding the population recruitment of chaetognaths and their functional roles in marine food web. In this study, a molecular method based on PCR amplification targeted on 18S rDNA was applied to investigate the diet composition of juvenile Flaccisagitta enflata collected in summer and autumn in Sanya Bay, China. Diverse diet species were detected in the gut contents of juvenile F. enflata, including copepods, small jellyfish, anthozoa, polychaetes, echinoderms, diatoms and dinoflagellates. The diet composition showed obvious differences between summer and autumn. Copepod, such as Temora turbinata, Canthocalanus pauper and Subeucalanus crassus, dominated the diet in summer, representing up to 61% of the total prey items. However, small jellyfish, mainly consisting of Bougainvillia fulva, Solmissus marshalli and Pleurobrachia globosa, was the main food group (72.9%) in autumn. Environmental parameters showed no significant difference between summer and autumn. The mean abundance of juvenile chaetognaths in autumn was about eight times higher than that in summer, while the abundance of potential food prey was similar in both seasons. Our results suggested that juveniles chaetognaths might consume small jellyfish as a supplementary food source under enhanced feeding competition in autumn.

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“…Arrow worms are carnivorous, feeding preferentially on copepods, but also on other small invertebrates and fish larvae [7][8][9]. While a few species are reported to consume bacteria and particulate or dissolved matter, e.g., in the nepheloid layer and polar areas [10][11][12], as an adaptative response to the scarcity of prey, more studies are required on more species to generalize these food sources for the entire phylum. In turn, chaetognaths contribute substantially to the zooplankton consumed by commercially exploited fish [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sizes, Growth and Reproduction of Arrow Worms (Chaetognatha) in Light of the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT)

Pauly

Liang

Xian

et al. 2021

JMSE

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The Chaetognatha are a marine invertebrate phylum including 132 extant, carnivorous species in nine families and two orders, but with unclear protostomian affinities in the animal kingdom. We document the gradual recognition of the distinctiveness of chaetognaths by early taxonomists, with some emphasis on the often-overlooked studies by Chinese marine biologists. The carnivorous arrow worms are understudied relative to their importance in the marine zooplankton, where they rank second in abundance after the herbivorous copepods. Although arrow worms lack gills or other dedicated respiratory organs, we show that the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) can be used to explain how temperature and respiration affect their growth and related life-history traits. Notably, we present a reappraisal of evidence for size–temperature relationships between and within chaetognath species, and for the relationship between their temperature-mediated oxygen demand and their growth patterns. Von Bertalanffy weight growth curves of Ferosagitta hispida (family: Sagittidae) based on earlier aquarium experiments by various authors are presented, which suggest (a) a good fit and (b) that the life span of chaetognaths is much lower than suggested by the authors of several published growth curves drawn onto length–frequency samples from the wild. In addition, we show that chaetognaths attain first maturity at a fraction of the maximum length they can attain that is similar to the corresponding fraction in fishes. Overall, we suggest that the manner in which the oxygen they require enters the body of small marine invertebrates, although often neglected, is a crucial aspect of their biology. In addition, based on our result that arrow worms conform to the GOLT, we suggest that this theory may provide the theoretical framework for the study of growth in the other water-breathing ectotherms lacking gills.

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Non-carnivorous feeding in Arctic chaetognaths

Cited by 25 publications

References 82 publications

Zooglider‐measured association of zooplankton with the fine‐scale vertical prey field

Zooglider‐measured association of zooplankton with the fine‐scale vertical prey field

Small Jellyfish as a Supplementary Autumnal Food Source for Juvenile Chaetognaths in Sanya Bay, China

The Sizes, Growth and Reproduction of Arrow Worms (Chaetognatha) in Light of the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT)

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