Non-Coding RNAs and Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: The Latest Update

Abstract

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are indispensable for adjusting gene expression and genetic programming throughout development and for health as well as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac arrhythmia is a frequent cardiovascular disease that has a complex pathology. Recent studies have shown that ncRNAs are also associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Many non-coding RNAs and/or genomes have been reported as genetic background for cardiac arrhythmias. In general, arrhythmias may be affected by several functional and structural changes in the myocardium of the heart. Therefore, ncRNAs might be indispensable regulators of gene expression in cardiomyocytes, which could play a dynamic role in regulating the stability of cardiac conduction and/or in the remodeling process. Although it remains almost unclear how ncRNAs regulate the expression of molecules for controlling cardiac conduction and/or the remodeling process, the gut microbiota and immune system within the intricate networks might be involved in the regulatory mechanisms. This study would discuss them and provide a research basis for ncRNA modulation, which might support the development of emerging innovative therapies against cardiac arrhythmias.

Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol Use Disorder with Non-Coding RNAs and Gut Microbiota for the Development of Superior Therapeutic Application

“…Based on the hypothesis that ketamine may improve alcohol dependency via the mechanism of improving autophagy in neuronal cells, dietary interventions would be possible for the treatment of alcohol dependency. This is because the modification of the gut microbiome is safely imaginable via dietary changes, which could also contribute to the alteration of ncRNA production and/or m6A modification in various cells [83,84]. In fact, some dietary supplements are acting through different mechanisms to reduce alcohol relapse [85].…”

“…In the brain, the engram memory system could retain the information of a certain inflammation in the body, which may be crucially involved in the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases, in which several immunity-linked processes might be associated with certain neuronal responses to memory engrams [90]. Therefore, forgetting or emptying the bad memory of "engrams" could be promising for the prevention and/or treatment against immune-related diseases, as well as cancer, cardiac arrhythmia, and/or neurodegenerative diseases [83,91,92] (Figure 3). If that is the case with alcohol dependence, a certain adjustment of the "engram" through the alteration of the gut microbiota might be helpful as a notable treatment tactic against alcohol dependence.…”