Non-coding RNAs, the Trojan horse in two-way communication between tumor and stroma in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

In a continuous and mutual exchange of information, cancer cells are invariably exposed to microenvironment transformation. This continuous alteration of the genetic, molecular and cellular peritumoral stroma background has become as critical as the management of primary tumor progression events in cancer cells. The communication between stroma and tumor cells within the extracellular matrix is one of the triggers in colon and liver carcinogenesis. All non- codingRNAs including long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs and ultraconserved genes play a critical role in almost all cancers and are responsible for the modulation of the tumor microenvironment in several malignant processes such as initiation, progression and dissemination. This review details the involvement of non codingRNAs in the evolution of human colorectal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in relationship with the microenvironment. Recent research has shown that a considerable number of dysregulated non- codingRNAs could be valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Therefore, more in-depth knowledge of the role non- codingRNAs play in stroma-tumor communication and of the complex regulatory mechanisms between ultraconserved genes and microRNAs supports the validation of future effective therapeutic targets in patients suffering from hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma, two distinctive entities which share quite a lot common non-coding RNAs.

Aberrant miRNAs expressed in HER-2 negative breast cancers patient

“…As follows, there is undeniable need for the development of novel diagnostic/prognostic markers that may also constitute therapeutic targets. Over the last few years, different research teams have explored the variation of miRNA profiles in relation to its diagnostic or prognostic potential [ 11 , 21 , 24 , 31 – 33 ].…”

An Emerging Class of Long Non-coding RNA With Oncogenic Role Arises From the snoRNA Host Genes

“…Most of these transcripts do not have the ability to interact with the ribosome and are not translated into proteins (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11); however, they interact with other coding or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being part of complex regulatory networks (12). The ncRNAs are divided into two classes: the small ncRNAs (with <200 nt) and the long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), with >200 nt (13). The short ncRNAs are generated through multistep processing of the primary transcript, while the lncRNAs remain highly similar to their primary transcripts (14)(15)(16)(17).…”

Roles of long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis: A Review

“…This leads to genomic instability and promotes cancer metastasis (36). Moreover, CCAT2 is considered a target for therapy related to lncRNAs, and it has the ability to modify the clinical outcome (37). Additionally, CCAT2 plays an important role in loop formation between the MYC promoter and genomic locus rs6983267, and it acts as an activator of the MYC oncogene (23).…”